Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration

488 Pages·2003·27.062 MB·English

by  Dr. S. Kakaç (auth.), S. Kakaç, H. F. Smirnov, M. R. Avelino (eds.)

Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration
NATO Science Series
A Series presenting the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Science
Programme.
The Series is published by lOS Press, Amsterdam, and Kluwer Academic Publishers in conjunction
with the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Sub-Series
I. Life and Behavioural Sciences lOS Press
II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Kluwer Academic Publishers
III. Computer and Systems Science lOS Press
IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences Kluwer Academic Publishers
V. Science and Technology Policy lOS Press
The NATO Science Series continues the series of books published formerly as the NATO ASI Series.
The NATO Science Programme offers support for collaboration in civil science between scientists of
countries of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council. The types of scientific meeting generally supported
are "Advanced Study Institutes' and "Advanced Research Workshops", although other types of
meeting are supported from time to time. The NATO Science Series collects together the results of
these meetings. The meetings are co-organized bij scientists from NATO countries and scientists from
NATO's Partner countries - countries of the CIS and Central and Eastern Europe.
Advanced Study Institutes are high-level tutorial courses offering in-depth study of latest advances
in afield.
Advanced Research Workshops are expert meetings aimed at critical assessment of a field, and
identification of directions for future action.
As a consequence of the restructuring of the NATO Science Programme in 1999, the NATO Science
Series has been re-organised and there are currently Five Sub-series as noted above. Please consult
the following web sites for information on previous volumes published in the Series, as well as details of
earlier Sub-series.
http://www.nato.inVscience
http://www.wkap.nl
hUp:llwww.jospress.nl
http://www.wtv-books.de/nato-pco.htm
I
-~.­
~
I
Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 99
Low Temperature and
Cryogenic Refrigeration
edited by
S. Kaka9
University of Miami,
Coral Gables,
Florida, U.S.A.
H.F. Smirnov
State Academy of Refrigeration,
Odessa, Ukraine
and
M.R. Avelino
State University of Estado,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Low-Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration
Altin Yunus-Qesme, Izmir, Turkey
June 23--July 5, 2002
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-1274-7 ISBN 978-94-010-0099-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-94-010-0099-4
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2003
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception
of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered
and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Table of Contents
Preface vii
Introduction to the Institute
SadikKakaf
Thermodynamics and Design Principles of Refrigemtion Systems 5
Boris Kosoy
Non-Compression Refrigeration: Problems and Prospects 23
Boris Kosoy
Advanced Thermodynamics of Reverse Cycle Machine 39
Michel Feidt
Optimum Selection of Refrigerants Under Environmental Constraints 83
Koichi Watanabe
Optimum Refigemnt Selection for Low Temperature Engineering 101
Victor Mazur
Cost-to-Quality Optimization of Refrigemtion 119
Ion C. Ionita, Ion V. Ion, Ian K. Smith, Nikola Stosic, Ahmed Kovacevic,
Christian Iosifescu and Viorel Popa
The Effect of Inlet Subcooling on Two-Phase Flow Dynamic Instabilities In-Tube
Boiling Systems 131
Sadik Kakaf, L. Cao and Mila R. Avelino
Transitional Processes and Crisis Phenomena in Boiling of Cryogenic Liquids 145
Alexander Pavlenko
Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat Pump Working on
Supercritical R-744 165
Alexander I. Leontiev and Igor Derevich
Hydrodynamics and Heat Transfer in Boiling and Evaporation in Cryogenic Falling
Films and Applications 181
Alexander Pavlenko
Modem Problems of Cryogenic Heat Transfer and its Enhancement (Generalization of
Experimental Results, Practical Recommendations and Different Applications) 201
G.A. Dreitser
Heat Transfer in a Liquid Nitrogen at High Centrifugal Acceleration Fields 221
Vladimir Y. Zhukov and Mark 0. Lutcet
vi
Overcooling Phenomenon by Symmetrical or Asymmetrical Collison of Thermal Waves
in Thin Film 241
Shuichi Torii and Wen-Jei Yang
New Methods of Gas-Dynamic Temperature Stratification 249
Alexander 1. Leontiev
Recent Advances in Cryobiology Using Calorimetry 265
Ram Devireddy and John Bischof
Low Temperature and Cryogenic Applications in Medicine and Surgery 295
Wen-Jei Yang and S. Mochizuki
Preservation of Biological Materials -Principles and Applications 309
Wen-Jei Yang and Sadanari Mochizuki
Thermoacoustic Refrigeration: Low-Temperature Applications and Optimization 327
Cila Herman
Heat Pipe Technology for Refrigeration and Cooling 349
Henry F Smirnov
A Solar Gas/Electrical Solid Sorption Refrigerator 373
Leonard L. Vasiliev, D.A. Mishkinis, A.A. Antukh and L.L. Vasiliev, Jr.
Multisalt-Carbon Portable Resorption Heat Pump 387
Leonard L. vasiliev, D.A. Mishkinis, A.A. Antukh, A. G. Kulakov and L.L. vasiliev, Jr.
Heat Pipe Applications in Sorption Refrigerators 401
Leonard L. Vasiliev and A. G. Kulakov
Pulse Tube Cryocoolers 4] 5
Ray Radebaugh
Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers for Cryogenic Applications with Special Emphasis on Two-
Phase Flow 435
Vishwas V Wadekar
Refrigeration of Low-Temperature Superconducting Coils for Nuclear Fusion 451
Roberto Zanino and L. Savoldi Richard
Modelling of Refrigeration Poultry Meat Processes 467
Gratiela-Maria Tarlea
Thermophysical Properties of Foods at Frozen State 473
I~mail H Tavman, S. Tavman and S. Kumcuoglu
Index 481
Preface
This volume contains an archival record ofthe NATO Advanced Study Institute on Low
Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration held in <;e~me-Izmir, Turkey June 27 - July 5,
2002. The NATO ASIs are intended to be high-level teaching activity in scientific and
technical areas of current concern. Certainly, the subject of refrigeration needs no
justification in this regard. Cryogenics, the science and technology of extremely low
temperatures, plays a major role in medical purposes, especially in Cryobiology and
Cryosurgery, space technology and cooling of low temperature electronics. On the other
hand, in large-scale power and process refrigeration and air conditioning systems, the
usual goals are to reduce the size of a device, to lower the process irreversibility and
power consumption required for a specific cold duty and to upgrade the capacity of
existing low temperature systems.
In this volume, the reader may find interesting chapters on the basic refrigeration
systems, non-compression refrigeration and cooling, and important topics related to
global environmental issues, alternative refrigerants, optimum refrigerant selection, and
cost-to-quality optimization of refrigerants, advanced thermodynamics of reverse cycle
machine, applications in medicine, cryogenic technology, heat pipes, heat pipe
applications, heat pipe technology in refrigeration and air conditioning, gas-solid sorption
refrigerator, multi salt resorption heat pump, cryocoolers, thermoacoustic refrigeration,
refrigeration systems for low temperature electronics, cryogenic heat transfer and
enhancement and other related lectures with regard to theory, design and applications of
the subject matter. During the ten working days of the Institute, the invited lecturers
covered fundamentals and applications of low-temperature and cryogenic refrigeration.
The sponsorship of the NATO Scientific Affairs Division is gratefully acknowledged; in
person we are very thankful to Dr. Fausto Pedrazzini director of ASI programs who
continuously supported and encouraged us at every phase of our organization of this
institute. Our special gratitude goes out to Drs. Niliifer Egrican, Hafit Yiincii, and Arif
Hepba~li for coordinating sessions and we are very thankful to Giilter Mat, Sernra
Karamehmetoglu, Melda Koksal and Akif Murat Giiriin for their invaluable efforts in
making the Institute a success. A word of appreciation is also due to the members ofthe
session chairmen for the r efforts in expediting the technical sessions. We are very
grateful to Mrs. Annelies Kersbergen of Kluwer Academic publishers for her close
collaboration in preparing this archival record of the Institute, and Dr. F. Arin<;, Secretary
General of ICHMT for his guidance and help during the entire process of the organization
of this Institute.
To organize such a NATO Institute on refrigeration was initiated by Profs. Victor Mazur
and Boris Kosoy; we are very thankful for their help and encouragement during the
organization of the Institute.
Finally our heartfelt thanks to all lecturers and authors, who provided the substance of the
Institute, and to the participants for their attendance, questions and comments.
SadikKaka<;
Henry F. Smirnov
Mila R. A velino
vii
INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTITUTE
Dr. S. Kakay
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of Miami
Coral Gables, FL 33124
Introduction to the 10th NATO Advanced Study Institute
Refrigeration systems for food preservation and air conditioning play prominent roles
in our everyday lives. Because of the new developments in technology, low temperature
and cryogenic heat transfer found important applications as diverse as in aerospace,
sensors, cryobiology, cryosurgery, and cryoelectronics. All presently-available
superconducting materials must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures for their operation.
In recent years, environmental aspects have been an important issue in designing and
development of low-temperature refrigeration systems.
Cryogenics, the science and technology of extremely low temperatures, plays a major
role in medical purposes, especially in cryobiology and cryosurgery, space technology
and in the cooling of low-temperature electronics. Current research efforts focus both on
the development of alternative refrigeration and refrigerant mixes and on alternative
technologies, such as Stirling engines, pulse tube refrigerators, thermoelectric
refrigerators and thermoacoustic refrigerators. One of the important components of these
refrigerators is their heat exchanger. In low temperature and especially in cryogenic
refrigeration, the transfer of heat is one of the major concerns and requires a better
understanding of the heat transfer dimensions.
On the other hand, in large-scale power and process refrigerating and air conditioning
systems, the usual goals are to reduce the size of a device, to lower the process
irreversibilities and power consumption required for a specific cold duty and to upgrade
the capacity of existing low-temperature systems. Worldwide demand for efficient,
reliable and economical cold generation and storage is accelerating rapidly, particularly
in large-scale power and process refrigeration and air conditioning systems. There is
increasing demand to miniaturize cryogenic refrigerators (cryocoolers).
Some efforts have been made to develop mesoscale cryocoolers, which are smaller
than the macroscale, but larger than the micro scale cryocoolers, especially in the
aerospace industry, no one has yet produced a fully-contained cryocooler on a length
scale of, say, a few centimeters. Ongoing work at several institutions, however, targets
mesoscale cryocoolers based on a variety of working cycles, including Stirling, pulse
tube, sorption, reverse-Brayton, and the Joule-Thomson cycles. The key challenges in
most of these systems are the development of efficient heat exchangers, especially
regenerators.
S. K~ et aI. (elis.), Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration, 1-3.
© 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2
One approach for continuing the rapid advances in the performance of
microelectronics is through cooling the devices, either to the subambient range or to
cryogenic temperatures. The only way this can be done is through the application of a
refrigerator, either a macroscaled-sized refrigerator for cooling at the system level, or
meso- or microscale refrigerators for cooling at the device level. The only available
microscale refrigerator, both now and probably for the near future, is the thermoelectric
refrigerator, which is commercially available in packages as small as a few centimeters.
However, many other kinds of mesoscale refrigerators may become available during
the next several years, including vapor-compression, Stirling, pulse-tube, reverse
Brayton, and Joule-Thomson refrigerators, which will open up new possibilities for
refrigeration cooling of electronics. All fundamental heat transfer processes -
conduction, convection, and radiation - can be important in cryogenic systems.
Convection, including boiling heat transfer, is dominant in systems cooled by immersion
in liquid cryogens. Radiation is key in all cryogenic devices, due to the ubiquitous
presence of an evacuated thermal radiation shield between the cryogenic system and the
ambient environment. Conduction, especially thermal conduction across solid/solid
interfaces, is of great concern due to the increasing use of mechanical cryocoolers.
In this Institute we have the following directions:
1. The common problems, including the thermodynamics, global
problems
2. The low-temperatures 4:ooling and refrigeration
3. Cryogenic heat transfer principles
4. The cryobiology and cryogenics in medical applications
5. The cryogenics fundamentals and practical applications
Our scientific program will start with an introduction to Cryogenic Heat Transfer,
general review of the Basic Refrigeration Systems, a general review of non-Compression
Refrigeration and Cooling, an important topic related to Global Environmental issues and
Refrigeration Engineering, Alternative Refrigerants, Optimum Refrigerant Selection, and
Cost-to-Quality Optimization of Refrigerants. Thermodynamics and transfer in
adsorption machines and advances in thermodynamics of inverse cycle machines will be
discussed and fundamentals and application of the low temperature and cryogenic
refrigeration machines will be introduced in detail. We have interesting lectures on
applications in medicine. There are interesting lectures on low temperature and
refrigeration cryobiology, cryogenic technology.
In several lectures, on heat pipe, heat pipe applications, heat pipe technology in
refrigeration and air conditioning. Lectures also include gas-solid sorption refrigerator,
multi salt resorption heat pump. Pulse tube cryocoolers is another important topic on the
subject of the Institute. The lecture will review the development of the pulse tube
refrigeration, which is the most efficient of all cryocoolers and can be used in space
missions. As other important applications of the subject matter are the low-temperature
3
applications of thermoacoustic refrigeration, and refrigeration systems for low
temperature electronics which will be discussed.
The modem trend toward miniaturization of devices requires a better understanding
of heat transfer phenomena in small dimensions. Devices having dimensions of the order
of microns are being developed for use in cooling of integrated circuits, biochemical
applications, and cryogenics. In this respect, microchannel heat transfer has received
much attention due to their ultimate potential for cooling high power microelectronic and
application in biochemical and aerospace industries. The lecture on microscale heat
transfer at low temperatures discusses this problem: the fundamentals of heat transfer in
small space and time domains. There are fundamental and applied subjects on heat
transfer and evaporation of cryogenics, over cooling phenomenon by symmetrical
collisions of thermal waves in a thin film, cryogenic heat transfer and enhancement. We
have two lectures on nuclear fusion: one lecture will coverthe refrigeration of low critical
temperature superconducting coils for nuclear fusion, the other one presents
Sonoluminescence and bubble thermodynamic fusion in Chilled Liquid.