Low-power electronics design PDF
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Low-Power Electronics Design Copyright 2005 by CRC Press Computer Engineering Series Series Editor: Vojin Oklobdzija Low Power Electronics Design Edited by Christian Piguet Digital Image Sequence Processing, Compression, and Analysis Edited by Todd R. Reed Coding and Signal Processing for Magnetic Recording Systems Edited by Bane Vasic and Erozan Kurtas Copyright 2005 by CRC Press Low-Power Electronics Design Edited by Christian Piguet CSEM&LAP-EPFL Switzerland CRC PR ESS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page iv Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Low-power electronics design / edited by Christian Piguet. p. cm. — (Computer engineering ; 1) ISBN 0-8493-1941-2 1. Low voltage integrated circuits—Design and construction. 2. Low voltage systems— Design and construction. I. Piguet, Christian. II. Title. III. Series: Computer engineering (CRC Press); 1 TK7874.66.L65 2004 621.381—dc22 2004045729 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-1941-2/05/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-1941-2 Library of Congress Card Number 2004045729 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page v Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Preface Purpose and Background The goal of this book is to cover all the main aspects of low-power design of integrated circuits (ICs) in deep submicron technologies. Today, the power consumption of ICs is considered as one of the most important problems for high-performance chips as well as for portable devices. For the latter, it is due to the limited cell battery lifetime, while it is the chip cooling for the first case. As a result, for any chip design, power consumption should be taken into account very seriously. Before 1993–1994, only speed and silicon area were important in the design of integrated circuits, and power consumption was not an issue. Just after, it was recognized that power consumption has to be taken into account as a main design parameter. Many papers and books were written to describe all the first design methodologies to save power limited to circuit design. Today, however, we have to cope with many new problems implied by very deep submicron technologies, systems on chips, embedded software, and the future of microelectronics. This book not only covers the aspects of all low-power designs, but it will also include new topics mainly related to future designs (i.e., nanotechnologies, optical chips, systems on chips, embedded software, and energy sources). The design of more than 1 billion transistor chips, down to 0.10 mm and below, supplied at less than half a volt but working at some GHz, is a very challenging task, certainly considered as an impossible task only a few years ago. The design of such chips seem miraculous, but, as pointed out by Thomas Edison: “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.” Thomas Edison, LIFE Magazine, 1932 Organization Many “low-power” techniques have been proposed during the last 10 years. Today, the power consump- tion of integrated circuits and of systems on chips is considered one of the most important problems for high-performance chips as well as for portable devices. Written by authors who are specialists in their respective fields, this book covers most of the low-power design techniques used today along with their results, as well as an interesting look into the future, including the serious problems due to the new deep submicron or nanometric technologies. As listed in the table of contents, the book contains seven sections: 1. Metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices and technologies 2. Logic circuits 3. Processors and memories 4. Systems on chips 5. Embedded software 6. Computer-aided design (CAD) tools 7. Energy sources Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page vi Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM In this way, many different domains and disciplines (i.e., technologies, circuit design, processors, complex circuits, software, CAD tools, and energy sources and management) are covered to give the reader a complete picture of what impacts power consumption. This book also describes what many specialists think about the future, by presenting, for instance, nanotechnologies, optical circuits, ad hoc networks, e-textiles, and human powered sources of energy — all techniques that are promising but not really used today. The key benefits for the reader will not only be this complete picture of today’s methods for reducing power, with some spectacular results, but also a serious look into the future to be fully aware of advances in chip design 10 or 15 years from now. Locating Your Topic Several avenues are available to access the desired information. A complete table of contents is presented at the front of the book. Each chapter is also preceded with an individual table of contents. Each contributed chapter contains comprehensive references including books, journal and magazine articles, and sometimes Web sites. Acknowledgments The value of this book is completely based on the many excellent contributions of experts. I am very grateful to them because they spent so much time writing excellent texts without any compensation. Their sole motivation was to provide readers and students who are interested in low-power design with excellent contributions about this topic. I sincerely thank all these authors. I am indebted to Professor Vojin G. Oklobjzija for asking me to edit this book and trusting me with this project. I sincerely thank Nora Konopka, Jamie Sigal, and Marsha Hecht of CRC Press for their excellent work in putting all this material in its present form. Christian Piguet Editor-in-Chief CSEM SA Jaquet-Droz 1 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland [email protected] Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page vii Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Editor-in-Chief Christian Piguet was born in Nyon, Switzerland, on January 18, 1951. He received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1974 and 1981, respectively. Dr. Piguet joined the Centre Electronique Horloger S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland, in 1974. He worked on CMOS digital integrated circuits for the watch industry, on low-power embedded microprocessors, as well as on computer-aided design (CAD) tools based on a gate matrix approach. He is now head of the ultra-low-power sector at the Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique (CSEM) S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland. He is presently involved in the design and management of low-power and high-speed integrated circuits in CMOS technology. His main interests include the design of very low-power microprocessors and Digital Signal Processors (DSPs), low-power standard cell libraries, gated clock and low-power techniques, as well as asynchronous design. He is a professor at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. He also lectures on VLSI and microprocessor design at the University of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, and in the Advanced Learning and Research Institute (ALaRI) masters program at the University of Lugano, Switzerland. He is also a lecturer for many postgraduate courses in low-power design. Christian Piguet holds about 32 patents in digital design, microprocessors, and watch systems. He has authored and coauthored more than 150 articles and chapters in various technical journals and books on low-power digital design. He has served as reviewer for many technical journals. He also served as guest editor for the July 1996 issue of Journal of Solid-State Circuits (JSSC). He is a member of the steering and program committees for numerous conferences and has served as program chairman of PATMOS ’95 in Oldenburg, Germany, cochairman at FTFC ’99 in Paris, Chairman of the ACiD 2001 Workshop in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, co-chair of VLSI-SOC 2001 in Montpellier, and co-chair of ISLPED 2002 in Monterey. He was chairman of the PATMOS executive committee during 2002. At DATE 2004, he was the low-power topic chair. Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page ix Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Contributors Amit Agarwal Youcef Bouchebaba Purdue University University of Nantes West Lafayette, Indiana Nantes, France Amara Amara Aimen Bouechhima ISEP TIMA Laboratory Paris, France Grenoble, France Claude Arm Erik Brockmeyer CSEM IMEC Neuchâtel, Switzerland Leuven, Belgium Daniel Auvergne Francky Catthoor LIRMM, University of Montpellier IMEC Montpellier, France Leuven, Belgium and Nadine Azémard Katholiek University LIRMM, University of Montpellier Leuven, Belgium Montpellier, France Wander Cesario Marc Belleville TIMA Laboratory CEA-LETI Grenoble, France Grenoble, France Luca Benini Yuen Hui Chee University of Bologna University of California-Berkeley Bologna, Italy Berkeley, California Davide Bertozzi Lawrence T. Clark University of Bologna Arizona State University Bologna, Italy Tempe, Arizona Didier Bloch Fabien Coelho CEA-LETI-DIHS Ecole des Mines Grenoble, France Paris, France Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page x Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Stefan Cserveny Simone Gambini CSEM Universita di Pisa Neuchâtel, Switzerland Pisa, Italy Raphaël David Lovic Gauthier ENSSAT/University of Rennes Fleets Lannion, France Fukuoka, Japan Vivek De Catherine H. Gebotys Intel Labs University of Waterloo Santa Clara, California Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Peter Dytrych Cedric Ghez Philips Digital Systems Laboratories IMEC Leuven, Belgium Leuven, Belgium Olivier Faynot Dimitris Gizopoulos CEA-LETI University of Piraeus Grenoble, France Piraeus, Greece Antoni Ferré Gert Goossens UPC Target Compilers Technologies Barcelona, Spain Leuven, Belgium Laurent Fesquet Domenik Helms TIMA Laboratory OFFIS Grenoble, France Oldenburg, Germany Joan Figueras Ed Huijbregts UPC Magma Design Automation Barcelona, Spain Eindhoven, The Netherlands Joao Fragoso Koji Inoue TIMA Laboratory Fukuoka University Grenoble, France Fukuoka, Japan Jerry Frenkil Ahmed A. Jerraya Sequence Design TIMA Laboratory Santa Clara, California Grenoble, France Frédéric Gaffiot Pradeep K. Khosla Ecole Centrale de Lyon Carnegie Mellon University Lyon, France Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Copyright 2005 by CRC Press 1941_C00.fm Page xi Thursday, September 30, 2004 4:23 PM Chris H. Kim Diana Marculescu Purdue University Carnegie Mellon University West Lafayette, Indiana Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Ulrich Kremer Radu Marculescu Rutgers University Carnegie Mellon University Piscataway, New Jersey Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Lars Kruse Jean-Marc Masgonty Magma Design Automation CSEM Eindhoven, The Netherlands Neuchâtel, Switzerland Chidamber Kulkarni Philippe Maurine University of California-Berkeley LIRMM, University of Montpellier Berkeley, California Montpellier, France Dirk Lanneer Tycho van Meeuwen Philips Digital Systems Laboratories IMEC Leuven, Belgium Leuven, Belgium Dake Liu Renu Mehra Department of Electrical Engineering Synopsys Inc. Linköping University Mountain View, California Linköping, Sweden Giovanni De Micheli Richard Lu Stanford University University of California-Berkeley Stanford, California Berkeley, California Miguel Miranda Mark Lundstrom IMEC Purdue University Leuven, Belgium West Lafayette, Indiana Vasily G. Moshnyaga Alberto Macii Fukuoka University Politecnico di Torino Fukuoka, Japan Torino, Italy Enrico Macii Wolfgang Nebel Politecnico di Torino Oldenburg University Torino, Italy Oldenburg, Germany Morteza Maleki Ian O’Connor University of Southern California Ecole Centrale de Lyon Los Angeles, California Lyon, France Copyright 2005 by CRC Press
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