Low Energy Cooling for Sustainable Buildings

277 Pages·2009·9.075 MB·English

by  Ursula Eicker

Low Energy Cooling
for Sustainable Buildings
UrsulaEicker
StuttgartUniversityofAppliedSciences,Germany
Low Energy Cooling
for Sustainable Buildings

Low Energy Cooling
for Sustainable Buildings
UrsulaEicker
StuttgartUniversityofAppliedSciences,Germany
Thiseditionfirstpublished2009
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Eicker,Ursula.
Lowenergycoolingforsustainablebuildings/UrsulaEicker.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-69744-3(cloth)
1. Sustainablebuildings–Airconditioning.2. Buildings–Energyconservation.I.Title.
TH880.E432009
697.9(cid:1)3–dc22
2008052226
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-69744-3
Typesetin11/13ptTimesbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintedinGreatBritainbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire.
Contents
Preface ix
AbouttheAuthor xi
1 EnergyDemandofBuildings 1
1.1 ResidentialBuildings 4
1.1.1 HeatingEnergy 4
1.1.2 DomesticHotWater 6
1.1.3 ElectricityConsumption 7
1.2 OfficeBuildings 9
1.2.1 HeatingEnergy 9
1.2.2 ElectricityConsumption 10
1.2.3 AirConditioning 13
1.3 Conclusions 19
2 Fac¸adesandSummerPerformanceofBuildings 21
2.1 ReviewofFac¸adeSystemsandEnergyPerformance 23
2.1.1 SingleFac¸ades 23
2.1.2 DoubleFac¸ades 23
2.1.3 ModellingofVentilatedFac¸ades 27
2.2 ExperimentalResultsonTotalEnergyTransmittance 30
2.2.1 LaboratoryExperiments 30
2.2.2 BuildingExperiments 36
2.3 CoolingLoadsthroughVentilationGains 40
2.3.1 DoubleFac¸adeExperiments 40
2.3.2 ParameterStudyUsingSimulation 43
2.4 EnergyProductionfromActiveFac¸ades 47
2.4.1 ThermalandElectricalEnergyBalanceoftheFac¸ade 53
2.5 ConclusionsonFac¸adePerformance 58
3 PassiveCoolingStrategies 61
3.1 BuildingDescriptionandCoolingConcepts 62
3.1.1 LamparterBuilding,Weilheim 62
3.1.2 RehabilitatedOfficeBuildinginTu¨bingen 64
3.1.3 Low-energyOfficeBuildinginFreiburg 65
vi CONTENTS
3.2 PassiveNightVentilationResults 65
3.2.1 InternalLoadsandTemperatureLevels 65
3.2.2 AirChangesandThermalBuildingPerformance 68
3.2.3 SimulationofPassiveCoolingPotential 71
3.2.4 ActiveNightVentilation 74
3.3 SummaryofPassiveCooling 79
4 GeothermalCooling 83
4.1 EarthHeatExchangerPerformance 88
4.1.1 EarthtoAirHeatExchangerinaPassiveStandardOfficeBuilding 88
4.1.2 PerformanceofHorizontalEarthBrinetoAirHeatExchanger
intheebo¨kBuilding 93
4.1.3 PerformanceofVerticalEarthBrinetoAirHeatExchanger
intheSICBuilding 95
4.1.4 ModellingofGeothermalHeatExchangers 102
4.1.5 ConclusionsonGeothermalHeatExchangersforCooling 108
5 ActiveThermalCoolingTechnologies 111
5.1 AbsorptionCooling 113
5.1.1 AbsorptionCycles 113
5.1.2 SolarCoolingwithAbsorptionChillers 117
5.2 DesiccantCooling 125
5.2.1 DesiccantCoolingSystemintheMataro´PublicLibrary 129
5.2.2 DesiccantCoolingSystemintheAlthengstettFactory 132
5.2.3 MonitoringResultsinMataro´ 133
5.2.4 MonitoringResultsinAlthengstett 137
5.2.5 SimulationofSolar-PoweredDesiccantCoolingSystems 145
5.2.6 CostAnalysis 152
5.2.7 SummaryofDesiccantCoolingPlantPerformance 155
5.3 NewDevelopmentsinLow-PowerChillers 155
5.3.1 DevelopmentofaDiffusion–AbsorptionChiller 156
5.3.2 LiquidDesiccantSystems 175
6 SustainableBuildingOperationUsingSimulation 197
6.1 SimulationofSolarCoolingSystems 198
6.1.1 ComponentandSystemModels 201
6.1.2 BuildingCoolingLoadCharacteristics 207
6.1.3 SystemSimulationResults 211
6.1.4 InfluenceofDynamicBuildingCoolingLoads 216
6.1.5 EconomicAnalysis 219
6.1.6 SummaryofSolarCoolingSimulationResults 225
6.2 OnlineSimulationofBuildings 226
6.2.1 FunctionsandInnovationsinBuildingManagementSystems 227
6.2.2 CommunicationInfrastructurefortheImplementation
ofModel-BasedControlSystems 228
6.2.3 BuildingOnlineSimulationinthePOLYCITYProject 229
6.3 OnlineSimulationofRenewableEnergyPlants 238
6.3.1 PhotovoltaicSystemSimulation 239
6.3.2 CommunicationStrategiesforSimulation-BasedRemoteMonitoring 241
CONTENTS vii
6.3.3 OnlineSimulationfortheCommissioningandOperation
ofPhotovoltaicPowerPlants 242
6.3.4 SummaryofRenewableEnergyPlantOnlineSimulation 245
7 Conclusions 249
References 253
Index 263

Preface
Investigationsofbuildingenergyusehaveoftenconcentratedonheatingenergy,which
dominates total primary energy consumption in moderate or cold climatic zones.
Today,therearebuiltexamplesavailableforbothresidentialandofficebuildingtypes,
whichdemonstratethefeasibilityofreducingheatingenergydemandalmosttozeroat
littleextracost.Evenrehabilitationofbuildingstopassiveenergystandardsispossible
using highly efficient glazing, excellent insulation and heat recovery for ventilation
needs. Calculation methods for heating demand are available and standardized on a
monthlyenergybalancelevel.
Incontrast,energyconsumptionforelectricalappliancesandlightingandforsum-
mer cooling has been less analyzed and regulated, although electricity demand has
risen strongly in the last few years and high thermal loads in buildings have led to
increasinginstallationcapacitiesofelectricalcoolingequipment.Theloadsarepartly
due to the continuing attraction of highly glazed buildings, where the prevention of
solarirradiancetransmissionisdifficult,butalsotorisinginternalloadsthroughcom-
puter equipment, electrical lighting and other appliances. Chapter 1 describes the
currentstatusofbuildingenergyperformanceandongoingstandardizationprocesses.
Measured consumption data for both the residential and commercial sectors show
typicalconsumptiondistributionsanduserinfluenceonbuildingperformance.
The analysis then proceeds in Chapter 2 to how summer cooling loads can be re-
ducedthroughsustainablebuildingdesign.Theperformanceofhighlyglazedfac¸ades
often used in modern office building projects is analyzed in detail. The total energy
transmittanceofsingleanddoublefac¸adeswithsunshadingsystemsdeterminesthe
externalcoolingloadsofabuilding.Itisshownthatlow-energytransmittanceanda
goodthermalseparationbetweentheoutsideandinsidearepossible,butthatventila-
tiongainsoccurifthefreshairistakendirectlyfromadoublefac¸ade.
Depending on the climate and building construction, a cooling energy demand
often remains, which can be covered by low-energy or active cooling systems. The
possibilities of supplying cooling energy are investigated in terms of rising primary
energy consumption. First the limits and potential of passive and fan-driven hybrid
night ventilation strategies are analyzed. Two well-monitored case studies of office