Low Carbon Energy Supply

449 Pages·2018·11.935 MB·English

by  Atul Sharma, Amritanshu Shukla, Lu Aye

Green Energy and Technology
Atul Sharma
Amritanshu Shukla
Editors
Lu Aye
Low Carbon
Energy
Supply
Trends, Technology, Management
Green Energy and Technology
Climate change, environmental impact and the limited natural resources urge
scientific research and novel technical solutions. The monograph series Green
Energy and Technology serves as a publishing platform for scientific and
technological approaches to “green”—i.e. environmentally friendly and sustain-
able—technologies. While a focus lies on energy and power supply, it also covers
“green” solutions in industrial engineering and engineering design. Green Energy
and Technology addresses researchers, advanced students, technical consultants as
well as decision makers in industries and politics. Hence, the level of presentation
spans from instructional to highly technical.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Atul Sharma Amritanshu Shukla
(cid:129)
Lu Aye
Editors
Low Carbon Energy Supply
Trends, Technology, Management
123
Editors
Atul Sharma LuAye
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum MelbourneSchoolof Engineering
Technology University of Melbourne
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh Melbourne, VIC
India Australia
Amritanshu Shukla
Division of SciencesandHumanities
Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum
Technology
Amethi, Uttar Pradesh
India
ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic)
Green Energy andTechnology
ISBN978-981-10-7325-0 ISBN978-981-10-7326-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7326-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018941993
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2018
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Foreword
Theheat-trappingnatureofcarbondioxideandothergaseswasfoundinthemidof
nineteenth century. The current global warming trend is of particular significance
becausemostofitisextremelylikelytobetheresultoftheman-madeactivitysince
the mid-twentieth century and proceeding at a rate that is recorded over several
decades. Due to the latest development in the earth-orbiting satellites and other
technological advances, which have enabled scientists to understand the image,
collecting many different types of data about our globe and its climate on a global
scale. Ice cores drawn from the mountain glaciers showed that the Earth’s climate
responds to changes in greenhouse gas levels. There is no question that increased
levelsofgreenhousegasesintheearthatmospheremustcausetheearthtowarmin
response.
Global demand for energy is increasing too fast due to the population and
economic growth, especially in emerging market economies around the globe.
While accompanied by greater prosperity, rising demand creates a lot of new
challenges to manage their energy demand in the entire world. Energy security
concerns can emerge as more consumers require ever more energy resources to
fulfil their energy demand. The higher consumption offossil fuels leads to higher
greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO ), which contribute to
2
global warming. At the same time, the number of people without access to elec-
tricity remains too high.
This climate objective (<2 °C/<450 ppm) is confirmed at every subsequent
annualUnitedNationsclimateconference,andtheglobalclimatetargetsarefurther
refined in the 2015 Paris Agreement. The Paris climate agreement is an agreement
withinthe United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
dealingwithgreenhousegasemissionsmitigation,adaptationandfinancestartingin
the year 2020. This was based on the latest scientific insights, which demonstrate
that the severity of a 2 °C rise in the average global temperature is even more
crucial than previously thought. Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, the
consensusisthatinordertoavoiddetrimentalclimatechange,globalwarmingmust
belimitedtowellbelow2°Candpreferablyto1.5°C.Thisalsoimpliesaneedto
remain well below 450 ppm.
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vi Foreword
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had reported that the
world will have to totally phase out fossil fuels in power generation by the end
of the century and reduce their use to 20% by 2050.
These developments have, obviously, led to the search for commercially
exploitable other sources of energy that while meeting human needs do not cause
further damage to the environment for the sustenance of our planet. The return to
renewableswillhelpmitigateclimatechangeisanexcellentway,however,needsto
be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future and bequeath future genera-
tions to meet their energy needs. It is also expected that energy mix of the planet
will change substantially in the coming years.
It is, indeed,avery timely effortby theeditors, known tomefor overtenyears
now, from the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT) and
University of Melbourne, to have come out with a book that discusses the myriad
waysinwhichthenaturalresourcesofourwell-endowedcountrycanbemadeuse
offor meeting the energy needs of our millions of citizens without damage to the
environment.
In thecourse of myinteractions with theprofessors of RGIPT during their visit
toKunShanUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan,R.O.C.,wehadoftendiscussedthelikely
energy scenarios inthedaysahead.During such discussions,theneedtopublisha
book on low carbon energy supply was felt. I congratulate the editors for having
come out with the book which will be of immense help to students, practicing
managers and policymakers alike.
Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C. Prof. H. M. Chou
Professor and Dean
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Kun Shan University
Preface
The major greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been released by the usage of
fossil-basedprimaryfuelstoproduceelectricity,heatormotion.Thismeansthatit
is almost certainly impossible to reduce GHG concentrations in upper atmosphere
to sustainable levels unless large quantities of low carbon energy resources can be
taken on-stream to substitute primary fossil fuels. Today, in the context of the
decentagendaofsustainableeconomicgrowth,includingconcernsabouttheglobal
warming, climate change are very important issues. These include environmental
andsocialimpactsandthequestionoftheelectricitygenerationandfuelproduction
processes as well as associated emissions. The earth’s environment has been neg-
atively impacted during the production, distribution and consumption of energy
through the usage of non-renewable energy resources. Low carbon energy
supply-based criteria have been promoted in several years into the front line of
energypolicy,whichalsoshowedthathowweaddressourenergyneedsonamore
sustainable basis. At this moment, the whole world is continuing consuming
fossil-basedenergyforsocialupliftment,economicdevelopment,theadvancement
of knowledge and improvement of the human condition.
The energy originated from various energy resources and sources have been
consumed for human's activities across every single domestic, commercial,
industrial and transport sector, across every country. The world total energy
demandisalsoexpectedtoincreaseandtheshareofenergysuppliedintheformof
electricityislikelytoriserapidly.Meetingtheneedsofthepresentenergydemand
withoutcompromisingtheneedsofthefuture,thehumanityhastopayattentionto
the low carbon energy supply-based technologies which harness non-exhaustible
environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.
The main renewable energy sources and resources include solar, wind, hydro,
geothermal, biomass, biogas and biofuels. They are available and distributed
worldwidetomeettheexpandingenergydemandswithoutnegativeenvironmental
impacts. However, the current renewable energy share is small in the worldwide
energy production. The renewable energy also offers a method to increase the
income, improves the trade balances, contributes to industrial development and
creates jobs. It is an acknowledged fact that the renewable energy share should
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viii Preface
have been much higher than that of currentin favour of theenvironment,which is
an important issue globally. Almost every country pays much attention to renew-
able energy sources, due to the ongoing environmental challenges, which may be
solved only by the usage of renewables. Many countries are making significant
effortstoincreaserenewableenergyshareasmuchastheycanwithineconomicand
political constraints.
The aim of this book is to share the latest developments and advances in
materials and processes involved in the energy generation, transmission, distribu-
tion, storage and policies, and the chapters were contributed by researchers in the
energy and materials field, using original materials. This book may be used as a
reference for college/university/training institute/professionals. It may also be
referred in green energy-related laboratories, industries and academic libraries as
well as used as a reference book for the “Alternative Energy Sources, Renewable
Energy Resources, Climate Change, Energy Sustainability, Energy Policies, etc”.
for undergraduate and graduate students. The book presents a timely combination
of research and practice explained in a simple and comprehensive manner.
Jais, Amethi, UP, India Atul Sharma
Jais, Amethi, UP, India Amritanshu Shukla
Melbourne, Australia Lu Aye
Acknowledgements
Beforethestartofthisprojectinlate2017,wewerenotfullyawareofthetimeand
effort that go into editing a book. We thought of bringing an edited book to share
knowledge, development and scientific advancement in the field of green energy
with a large group of interested readers. Therefore, we thought we can simply get
connected with the researchers around the world and request them to share their
recentleading-edgeresearchintheformchaptersforaneditedvolume.Tousitwas
feelingsosimpleatthebeginning,however,wewerewrong.Nowweunderstoodit
inabetterway.Sincetheauthorscontributedtothisbookarefromthescientificand
academic community with their prior commitments, our deadlines for submitting
chapter proposal, first drafts of the chapters, peer reviews of all manuscripts and
submission of final revisions of the contributions have frequent challenges.
Throughout, however, we received remarkable encouragement and enthusiasm
fromourauthorsandreviewers.Wearereallyhonouredtohaveallthecontributors
who have been very supportive, dedicated and responsive throughout our interac-
tions. We are really thankful to all our passionate authors and reviewers!
Wewouldliketoexpressourgratitudetothemanypersonswhosawusthrough
thisbook;toallthosewhoprovidedsupport,talkedthingsover,read,wrote,offered
comments and allowed us to quote their remarks. This book would never have
takenoffwithoutthegeneroussupportofauthorsofthechaptersandourcolleagues
at Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT) and the University of
Melbourne. It would never have been completed without the cooperation, admin-
istrative and editorial assistance of Ms. Swati Meherishi, Ms. Aparajita Singh and
Ms. T. C. A. Avni of Springer. Our heartfelt thanks to all these dedicated and
cooperative individuals!
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