Louis I Kahn

257 Pages·2005·49.122 MB·English

by  Robert McCarter

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Introduc6t ion
1 Developmoefan nta rchitepchtiulroaslo rpohy
Roomostf h cei tHyi;s taostrh ayer chiftreiceBtne'dgs;i ninnEi unrgo pe;
Becomami ondge arrnc hiMtoencutm;e nTetaaclhiaitrnycg;h itecture;
Indeenpdepnrta cRtoimcee.at;nh pdeo woerfru ins
2 Rediscovaenra irncgh iteocftm uarsesa nds truct6u0r e
InotdructYiaoUlnne;i veArrsGtia tlylB euriyl;wd iithnhog l lsotwo nJeesw;i sh
CommunCietnytB euri;la dnitdne ga cUhniinvge;or fPs eintnys yMlevdainciaal
ReseTaorwcehr sP;h iTlhaeds eclhpoohafoir lac hitCeocntculrues;i on:
struacntsdup raec e
3 Shapiannga rchiteocftl uirgaehn tds hado1w3 4
IntrodTurcitbiRuoennve;iP euwb liCsohmipnagn y BUuniiltSdetidan tge;s
ConsuClhaatnec ealnRldee sriyd Beuniclesd;hi andgao nwsd p awcietfo hl ded
walFlisrU;sn ti taCrhiuarancn hSd c hool; rWuriaanrpsop ubinundgi ldings;
SaIlnks uttifoetr B ioloSgtiucdCaiolen sc;l utshhieypo ons:th yaltlehlk e,a sbah
antdh ceo smgaircd en
4 Inspicroemdp ositiinto hneps o etiocfas c ti2o2n0
IntrodEurcdtmiHaoannDl ;ol r miBtroyrMnya ,wC ro llIengdeIi;na snt itute
ofM anageBmaenngtl;Na adteisCohan pailCt aarlve;ia nrgmt ahsa,sn s dp ace;
DominMioctahne rChoomupsoeis;ni dnegp eenldeemneCtno tnsc;l usion:
starwtiitsnhpg a ce
5 Preciesxep erimiennt thsep oetiocfcs o nstruc3t0i0o n
IntrodLuicbtraianoDrdniy ;n iHnaglP lh,i lElxiepAtsce ard eFmoyWr;at y ne
PerforAmriTtnsheg a tFeurs;si pnagac nesd t ructurAer;Mt u Ksiemubme;l l
Shapsipnaugcn edr eorso hfe YlalClsee;n fotreB rr iAtriBtsu;hi lwdiitnhg
advaanncader dc hcaoincs trCuocntciloutnsh;pie ro onfe:s isisint o hne
marketaprlcahcieti,ies ntc hteu ruen iversity
6 Unbuiolftf eriinntg hses: p aceosfe tern3i8ty8
IntrodMuicktvIiesohrnS a;ye nla gMoegmuoer;ti ota hSlei M xi llJieowni sh
MartHyurrsSv;ya n agPoagluaedz;eCz ioo n grFeD.s. Rs oio;s eMveemlotr ial;
Waitfiotnrhgr e i gchitr cumsCtoannccleutsshv;ieo o inoc:sfe i sl etnrcaed:i tion
anhdi story
Conclus4i4on8
Selectwreidt ibnygL so uiIKs a hn4 54
Lisotfp roje1c9t2s6 -4738 6
Not4e9s5
Bibliyo 5g0r4a ph
Ind5e0x6
A poeitsi nt hougohfbt e auatnyd e xisteYnectae p.o emi so nlayn
offerwihnigct,ho t hpeo eitsl es1 LsO.UI!:.K AHN
Criteivceianntlt hs he i stooafrr yc hitaremeco tsoutfr tseec nr iipsntt eydl istic
orp urfoerlmyta elr Ymesfot.r L ouKiash( n1 901a-n7o4td)he,efi rn iotfi on
archiwtaefoscrt eumrioenhs itms in d-ad efinitiomnu clcheo wsnisct ehr ned
fashiaonfondr ma nmdu cmho rwei tthht er adoibftu iiolnad nitdnh mgea king
opf laFcoeKrsa .ha nr,c hitweancsot ttuod r owe i twhh aabt u illdoiolnkigsk e
buttod ow ithho iw tssp aacreoesr derehdo,wi i twbs iu tiahln htdo, w t hese
affwehcaittes xp eribeynt cheowdsh eoi nhaibtTi.ht ib so ok endteoa vours
prestehanert c hioteLfco tuKuiarshie nnj utshtet seer ms.
Arguatbhwleoy r,ok fLs o uKiashh na vbee etnhs ei nggrleeai tneflsute nce
onw oralrdc hitdeucrtitunhsrgeee c ohnaodlf tf h tew entcieentthu ry. Yet,
sintchaeer chidteeaictnt1h '9 s7t 4h,eh raevb ee erne marfekwac brliyt ical
studoifhe isws o r2 kW.hilKea hnw'osri kn directlbyo ttihhn es pired
(hiisctiopsrots)t -modaenrd(n uirsbtan nei-osrta)t iocnrailtoiifsq tu e
modernhiiwssom r,k daelmsoon stthraaac ttr eidt diecvaelllmoyop deedr n
architiestc hotenu lrvyei amboldeoe fc onstrfourco tutirio mnde i,r ectly
inspircionngt etmhrpeeo trtuaomrr ony d etrenc taonnmdia ct eorridiaenlr
architeexcetmuprbleyit, fihb eeed s t archiptreaccttsai rscoiuutnrnhgrde e ntly
worYledit.nA pr1i9l8o 3n,ln yi ne ayfteeKarar hsn 'sa ndadett ah hteeh i,g ht
ofh istoproiscti-smto dtehrheni isstmao,nrc dir aint ic FKreanmnpettohn
nottehd'a atl mnooos ntne o wt urtnoms e nt[iKoanh nna'msge!o' i,on ng to
say that s'ttohieac nisrdsue mbl,te lvoeafKtn aych,enp 'osec toinct ribution'
shousledra vs'e ka i nodfs harrepm inodfwe hraw teh avleo 3s Tth'i.s was
echowehde ant,d innfoelrl owail negc tiunlr ae1t 9e9 a0tt, h hee iogfh t
deconstprousctt-imvoi,dts ehtlre an atiresc mhJiatmeSectsti rslatiiomnd eg ,
'Iitsa ppalwlhiasnttg u dteanaltbkso ut in arAcmheirtisecccahtnouo rles
tod-aDyerriinddaeW,eh dyd! o esann'ytos nteuK dayh n?'•
Inad escroifpt thdieio ffinc uolfdt eys iganricnhgi twehcitccuohru el,d
appelqyu awleltlyolt htea osfwk r itaibnoagur tc hitKeachotnfu trteeon,l d
Pag4e. AsseBmuilbidlgny,B angladNeasthi onal
CapitDahla,k1 a9,6 -274.I ntevriieolwro oking thset oorfty hp eo wehto e,x peenrcipienrgfeb ceta uattyt,et mopp utts down
towartdhsAe s sembHlallyl igchotu trth rough
iwno rtdhswe o ndbeerfo hriees y eBsu.at Ks, a hsna i'dtfi,hr els iton npe a per
ac ircoupleanri sntgira,sa ndw alkways.
buiilnhd i psl aacnetd i mKea.h hne ltdh aaw to rokfa rchitmeucsstttu arret
witthh iem measumruasbbtler e e,a ltihzreodtu hgmehe asurmaebalnoesf
constrauncwdth ieconon m,p lmeutsaetld l iotiwsn habtioet xapnetrsti heen ce
immeasuorfia tbbsel gei nnWihnaagtls l.o Kwaehdnw 'osrt kot ranstcheen d
limitaotfhi iotsni siw naesh iusn dersttahnatdthi ienm gm easurable
inspiirfosau tniidont n hg er eaartc hitoeftc hpteau srte, wmheialseu rtahbel e
meaanrsoe n ltyob efo unidnt hmea tearnimdae lt hoofcd osn stroufoc utri on
timBeye. n gaagnitdnr ga nsfotrhmieim nmge asuarntadhb mele ea surianb le
thper ocoefds ess iKganh,n 's baurbieol ttdhii mnegalsne odsfo s u tri mbeo,t h
anciaenmndot d ern.
Kahwna so neo ft he afrecwh iotffie rcstitsm portianmn ocdee rn
architteotc etacucorhne t inauatou unsilvyet rhsriotuyhg hicosau rtae netdro ,
endeatvoo uarr ttihmceyu sltaetorefti hdeees s pirgonc foerss tsu dents. This
stuedxya mitnhmeeas n nienwr h ilcahr cgoenrc eempetrsig nKe adh nw'osr k
antde achwienrdgee, v elaospp aeordfht i esv er-edveofilnviiotnfdig eo sni gn,
andw ergei vfoernm i nh iasr chitKeachtwnua rsoe n.eo fa n umboefr
archiwtheoec mtesr ignet dh1 e9 5t0oqs u estthiaeob ni olifIt nyt ernational
Stymloed erntiohs omu tshese o icaslp acneesc esfosrta hrleya thtaelorff
thtew entcieentthYu erKtya .hw na osn oeft hvee rfeywm ajaorrc hittoe cts
finadw aoyu otft hiimsp a-saws aety h maatyb ed iscobvyee xrpeedr iencing
anedx amihniiwsno grk :
Thisst uodfLy o uKiash infos cusaesmd u cahsp ossoinbK laeh nm'asj or
desi-gonnts h eex peroifet nhbceue i ldtihnegmss e-lasvt ehswe a yt o
undershtiiasmn pdo rttaoan rcceh itWehcitlKuear hen.i' dseh aasvb ee en
claibmye dma alnln oefdr e sigannetdrh se orhiibssut isl,ad irineng csr edibly
preciitnsh eec iorn stroufpcl taifocorepn se o-ppllea wceer se ttuoar gna ainnd
agabienc abuyis neh abtihteiwmne rg e disscoomveetreh sisnegan btoiuatl
ourseElavcoehfKs a.h nm'asjp orro joerbc utiwslo tr ikessx amianlte edn gth:
firtshtr,o aunglyahs iosft hdee sipgrno caensdos r deriidnesgae sc;o nd,
through exoaftm hmieen tahtaoindomdsna teroifca olnss traunctdth ieoinr,
reinterbpyrK eathaannt;tdi h oinbr ywd a,oy f a ne xperi'ewnatlika-lt hrough'
oft hsep actehse msewlivtpehas r,t iecmuplhaaorsn ti hsie n tesrpiaotri al
experIiietmsn y cc eo.n tetnhtaKitao hnnp 'rsi mcaornyc tehrrno ughhiosu t
caraeswe irt,Fh r aLnlko Wyrdi gwhatts,h s ep awciet htihinen, t esrpiaaocnred
itesx peraisde entceer,mb iytn hweead iy nw hiicithcs o nstr6 ucted.
VincSecnutlw lhyoh, a tdh feo retsoia guhtthab o oro oknK ahinn1 962,
atat imweh einwt a sn oyte atta lalp parteomn otsc tr iwthiacstst ature
ilse sfsa'i,tl5oci anpgt euirttehh emera gnifiocrte hnsecu eb tolfteh tmeyi nd's ansdi gnifKiachwanon uculeld t imaatttecalaiynu ,t ionoendce:a sn'u Nmo
visiYoeKnta. h anl isnos itshtaetd,i sfeo vmeent ohfti hnoegr igiiasnl awla ys upL ouIiK.sa h7n B.e'artihniignms i nadsw, e lalsV icmoo'tstv oe,ri upms um
losotuw,ro raksa rchiltiieencts tr syt iocn ogm aesc loasspe o sstiowb hlaet factu-m'trtuhtrho muagkhi lnb ge'l,it ehtavhtete h eoarriiefssri onKmga hn's
inspuisrT.er da nstlota htteea das tkh anidIf,a ms ucceisnts hfuwilrs i ting, architaerbceet esuxtre em plbiytfi hewedo rks thToe mtsheealntvId he asv.e
three awdieflrel c eolm petlovl iesdti hbteu ilddiensgisgb nyKe adh ann,d endeavtoouw reeadvK ea hnd'iss covaset roti henesa tuorfae r chitecture
toe xpertihepene crefeb ceta uotfty h eplsaec. e s inttohd ee scriopfht iidsoe nssi agnndos u erx peroifet nhceeam s,w ell
1.L ouKiash tne acihtni hngegr aduaartceh itecturKala henn gagtehdius n derstiannh diiasnr gc hittehcrtouuhrgiehs asi ntrodaunccdio nngc luedaiccnhhg a pwtiettrhh lea rtgheerm wehsi ch
studUinivoe,itr oysf P ennlvsaiayn,c .19K6a7h;n 's '
I
stuwdaisloo catienwd h awta so rigitnhael ly conceopftt ihioemn m easutrhaiebn lsaept,ii roinnasli ghtthn eai tnutroe of connKeachtnw 'osr -kasl ilna ne ffotrost t aaysc loasspe o sstiobt lhee
uppleervr eeilan dgr ooomft hUen iveLrisbirtayr y,
desigbnyFe rda Fnukr n.e ss thien stitaunttdih moee na,s urtahbmele ea,na sv aitloat bhalere c hitect to thitnhgesm selves.

121 3 Whawta sh aasl wabyese Wnh.a itsh aasl wabyese Wnh.a wti lbleh as
alwabyese. nL'O UISK AHN
LouIissi dKoarhwen a sb oronn2 0F ebru1a9r0oy1nt hBea litsilcoa fn d
Saare(mfoaram ecrallyOl seedil nE) s toonnit ahc,eo asetdagolef imperial
Russ2 Hiiafs.a thLeero,p oldw aKsEa shtno,n ainadanm embeorft he
paymacsotreoprfts h Reu ssairamnHy i.ms o thBeerr,tM hean delswsaosh n,
froRmi gtah,e ancieonfLt a tcvtaiotpa his,eto aulwt hhe,a rseay outh she
hadb eeend ucaitnRe idg a's sophistciuclatttuerrdaa dliW teisotne.r n
AftLeero pomlidl'idsti asrcyht ahresgyee t tolnSe ada reamnia sal,ia ntn hde
BalSteioacn lrys moi lesk i(l2o5m0es toruetsh)-o wfHe eslts ainntdkh ie
samdei steaansoctfeS tockhSoiltmu.ba ettewdme aeinn lEaunrdoa pned
Scanditnhaievs ilaaa,tnv d a ritoiumsie nsi thsi sthoarsy beeonf part
FinlSawnedd,De enn,m aGrekr,m aannRydu ssia.
Thlea srtsg terucotntu hriees loafSn ada rewmaatsah fo eu rteenth-century
BishCoaps'atsKtl u er esistamsaa rsveseb,i,e u atifluaslitldoy wn aelp lise rbcye d
smawliln doawntsdo ppweidtc hr enellated baotnat nil netmeernitosr, centred
courttyhawerh do,al nec hobryae t do waenrsd u rroubnyad m eodaW th.i le
thKea hfna mliilvyoe nSd a areLmeaoap,o lda swas o crrkfoierbrd ee siodefn ts
thcea sstolK ea,h nc'hsi ldwhoorowldad cs l osreellyat tote hdmi osn umental
plaKcaeh.rn e tutrovn iesSdia ta rewmhaehanew atsw enty-csoenvfiernm,i ng
childmheomoodr oifbe ost thh cea stmloen'usm eunrtbasalcn a alneid t s
intipmraottee icntteesdrp iaocaren sid,it s c letahraK ta hnl'isf elloovonefg
cashtalidet bsse gininnhi inesga sre lxyp erioeftn hpcioesws e rsfutlr uc3 ture.
ThouKgahh dne scrhiibmesades al F fi nnJiesiwhn o rigKianh,nfi 'rss t
Previou'sS tpufadogayrme u.r uaplo Eng yiapnt spokleann guwaagsGe e rmaann,hd e w asr aiisnea dh ouseshtorlodn gly
mot',i1 f9s5(1d eilt)da;r awbiynL go u,s Kahn
influebnycG eedr mRaonm anticism. tKraahdnih'tosil otdfnhsa a mti ly
oft hpey ramaitGd izs.a T hidsr awi1srn egl ated
tot hmeu rtahlaK ta hdne siganneded x ecuted himso thBeerr twhaasr elattote hdGe e rmRaonm antic Fceolmipxo ser
atW eisHso us1e9,4 7-55.
1.Bi shsoC pa'staltKe u ressoanta hriees land Mendels(s1o8-h04n97 a)s,w elalst hceo mposgerra'nsd fMaotsheesr
ofS aare,mE asatofnoiuart,e ecnetnht.T u hryis
Mendels(s1o7-8h26n9)t ,h e famJoeuwsip shhi losooftp hhGeee rr man
LatGeo thmiocn umesnttoacnloe n strwucatsi on
thlea rgsetsrtu cotntu hriees lwahnedr Kea hn EnlighteKnamhenmn'otst. hw earsa g ifted maunsdKi achicnar ned,i ts
wasbo r.n
2.L ouK,ash innh iosff icPehila,d eli,pae halyr hewri th hiasp pdreeecpic aotnisoind,te arlaaebnnldtse o phisticated
1970Osn.h is d esakr der awifnogtrsh W eo lfson
MechanEincgailn eBeurliiidgnn,g1 96-874. knowloefmd ugsei Icna. d ditKiaohnn,' s moetxhteern isrniGev eaerdlm ya n
141 5 anda,sh es ai'dr,a hiisume pdo Gno etwhheo'a,,l ownigtS hc hiwlalosen re, 1.D evelopmoefan nt Att hwee ekeKnadhswn a lked btlwoetcnoktt say kf er aerect l asastte hse
architepchtiulroaslo phy
ofh etrw ofa vouraiutteh Sohrhes a.ad n e xpeurntd erstoafbn odtihn g GrapShkiectC clhul ba,tr eern atmheSeda muSeF.ll eiAsrhMtee rm orOinael .
writweorrsk'ws h,i cshh seh arweidtK ha hdnu ritnhgem iarn lyo ng dahyef ouannod p emne etrionogwm i taph i aannohd,ew enitna nbde gtaon
converisnla attyieeoran4 rss . plaHye.lF elne issihseotrfte,h r e arbte ncelfauacbrt'rosifor vr,aem de etainndg
Kahnf'ast htearl'ewsne trasel scor ittiohc iafoslr matiLoenod.p' osl wasso i mprebsyKs aehdn p'lsa ytihnsaght ie n siosngt eidvh iinamgg rand
beauthiafunld wrsietciunhrgie mwd o raksa s criabnedi, tw ash ew ho pianoK.a htAnos tl hdse t obreyc,a tuhseer en orw oaosfom rb otaph i aannod
encouragteodd r afKwra ohamnne aralgye . Laelowspooor lkades ds taa ined­ ab eidnt hfaem ialpya rthmees nlteo,pnt t h pei a8n Aosw. itahlo lfK ahn's
glacsrsa ftbsomtwahin t,ph a inatnecddo logulraeasdns Kd,a hwno ulladt er storhiifoescs u,hs e rieos n h umaanc titoankspi lnagwc iet,hb iontm ha terial
devealp oapr ticpuolwaerrslfeyun ls ittoil viigithnhyt i osw nw orTkh.e ansdp irciotnutatelhx etrsae,lb lyo hwiissnt got roby eg rounidnoe usdrh ared
fascifonrab triiocgnoh lto wuarassl tshole ki eclayu osfte h tee rraicbclied ent experoifie nnhcaeb siptaicneg.
thbaetfe Klalha ntt h aeg oeft hrwehee,hn es hoveblulrencdio naogln stt oh e Kahn's attta hlpeei nawtnesor seon otatbhlahetew asoff eraem du sic
aproofnh ipsi nafoTrheefl .a messe vebruerlnyKe adh nfa'csea n hda nds, scholabrusothn,ti haped, v oifTc aed hded, e cliinon reddte ocr o ncenotnr ate
scarhriifomnr lg i fe. thvei saura9t Ilsnh . isse nyieoiarnhr i gshc hKoaohlwn a osff erase cdh olarship
Despitpea rhebnietsses tff'o rtthKsea, h fanm illiyv ienpd o vearntidyn toa tttehnPede nnsyAlcvaadneoimfaFy i nAer twsh,i hcahed a ralwiaerrd ed
190L4 eopeomlidg rtaott hUeend i tSetda wtheeshr,eee ventfouuanlwdlo yr k hiwso rBku.tt h cei wtayts o o ffeorn meo roep porttuotn hiyeto yu Knagh n
inP hiladPeelnpnhsiyalI,nv1 9 a0n6Bi ear.t ha followedK,a hbnr,i nging Louis wheni,nh isse nyieoaror fh igshc hohoetl o,oa kc ourosnae r chitectural
agefidva en,hd i yso unsgiesartn ebdrr otThheef ra.m sieltyit tnlh eNedo rthern histcoornys,i osftb iontlghe ctaunrdde rsa waisnsgi gntmaeungtbhsyt,
Libedritsitoerftsih cceit at lyo,wn igtn hu merootuhnsee riw m migrfraonmt s WillFi.aG rma Kya.h vni virdelcyaG lrlaeysd'l si de-illleucstotunrr aetse d
GermyaL,n ithuaanRndui sasw ihaoa, r ritvowe odri knt hdeo mingaanrtm ent 'GotRheinca,i sGsraeneRcokem,,a a nn Edg ypatricahni tseacytaiuttnrh gee ' ,
indusUtnraybt.lofi e n edm ploytmheeannttg aegietdhh iegsrr apohrgi lca ss enodfh ilsi 'fecI,a snt sieltelh oesxea mpalfteessrom anyye aarsts h meo st
crasfktiL lelosp,o lfodr cwteaotds a wkoer aksa c onstrluacbtoiAuob rnae crk. resounidniflnuge. n.oc.fpe o werful commonwaalspi atryt.i'c uKlaahrnl y
injaunrodyt hheera plrtohb lseomomsna deev etnh aitm possaintbdhl ee , strubcytk h fea tchta utn,l itkhoeet haerrta sr,c hitiesec xtpuerrei enced
familwyh,i chha dt om ovsee venttiemeiennst hfier sttw oy ea5 rwsa,s throiunghha bi-taartcihointi e'sca atnryu tor cuea wna lakr ouannbddei ' n10.
primasruiplpyob ryKt aehdnm 'ost hwehrow, o rkaesads eamsktnrietstsi ng So powewrafKsua lhelnny g abgyea dr chittehchatetdu ercei adtteh dla att e
garmseanmtp folrle osc faaclt o6r ies. dattoed ecltihaneres t c holaanridsn hsitpee naridont l h aer chitceocutrusree
Thcei otfPy h iladwehlepKrhaeih lani, v heiedsn tliirwfeae ts,oe xegrrte at atth Uen iveorfPs eintnys ylvania.
influoennh ciceso nceoptfth ibeoe nn efipcotieaonlaft c iiaatlnyi d tsa rchitecture
int hlei voefis tc si tiHziefasnc sis.ac lac rosm,b iwniettdhhfa ec tth haets tarted
schloao(dtl ue te oh icso ntractfienvsgeh ros rcataflrttylehf ereat m ialryr'iisnv al
thUen itSetda tmeasd)Ke,a hsnh ayr ouontdh setru dtehnrtosu ghhiosu t
adolnecsYece.eht i cso nsidaerrtiastbtialcle ew netrsseo orne cogbnyih ziesd
teacahneKdra sh,bn e gtaotn a ke caottu hrPesu ebsIl nidcu sAtrrStic ahlo ol,
whosdei reJcL.ti obreT,ra tdeydm ,p hasliazregdec -hsacdlarkla ewo innt gh e
blackbato eacrhdnw,ih7qi Kucaehh wno ulladte emrp leoxyt en.Ts hiiivsen liytial
shesasn adn onymfoiltlyo,wb eynd o toifch eiu sn iqtuael ewnatsvs e,r y
yn
probatbhsleoy u rocfwe h awto ulbde coKmaeh na'csus teen sittoti hveit y
experoifbe enicanes g t udaec nhta,r acbtoetorhfih siotswi ntc e acahniodnf g
hicso nceopfttih oaenp prioaaptrrec hitesccthuboruoeil l odfi ngs.
WitTha dedn'cso uraagnegdmu eindtaK nachean,r' tsw soorowkno nas eries
ofW anmaakperri zceist,y -awwiadrfedo ysro unpge opalnead,f theewr a s
admittott ehPdeh iladseclhpsohyoislat fl eamg'ssih nispt iCteunttiHroiangl,h
Schohoidlsr, a wriencgespi rviefzdre otsmh p er eisotPuiesgn nsyAlcvaadneimay
ofF iAnret Ksa.h nm'ussi tcaallae lncstoosn titnodu eevde alnoidpwt ,a dsu ring
thtiismt ehh aeth elwpietdth hfa em ifilnya nbcype lsa yitnhpgei aanatos ilent­
3.F raFnukr n(edsess iagnndGe ero)r Wg.eH ewitt,
movhioeu sLaet.we hre,tn h meo vhioeu rseep ltahcpeei daw niota hno rgan, PennsylAvcaandieoamf Fy i nAer tPsh,i ladelphia,
1871T-h6e.m aisnt airictsah sceee ntgraatlh ering
Kahlne artnope ldat yhoe r gianans inagfltee rinnoo rodnteo kr e etphj eo b. spacoeft hmeu seum.
161 7 1.D evelopmoefan nt Botihnh iyso uatnhad sa na duKlath,nd r'asw wienrgeesx hiibintt heed
•••••• arcthceiturpahli losophy PennsyAlcvaadnoeifFmayi A nret s,i n1b 8u7it2lot-t h6d e e siogtfnh gser eat
Philadaerlcphhiitae ct FTrhaiensxk t rFauorrndeiosnfsta .or py- lsietr ies
gallfeorciueossnte, hd ge r etaotlpi s-tt ahiarla lrf,eo rmweidtF hu rness's
chatrearcisetxipcraeslstlsryiu vacent rdui rceth elxyt wuarleSldts a.n idni ng
:i=-·9�:�.7-1±= t
thsipsa wchei,wc ahls a treers twoirteKhda hna'dsv iicties c, l ewahry
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.i.. , Sittoinan r gi verhsioilpdll,eti tkhePe a rthoennt ohAnec ropolis,
I.. ..�;. ,· -. ; " lb-:'-;-.....t- • • • • • • • • jI.:. . .'., .,.,,...,.l. l �. approbayac nhe eqdu amlolnyu mesneottfsa tla tihrPesh ,i ladMeulspehuima
t::� -:.::-:t ;.r-t II -;'-:_· •'L,a. � ;H _ I ofA rwta dse sibgynH eodr aTucrmeb aaunetdrh fei orfmZ antzBionrgieer ,
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:.�·[7 1 ;� :���· � 192Y8ei.tit ts h meu seugmr'eesan tth rayalc lu,bm iacs osnprayc e open to the
:r buildfiuhnlegli' sgsuh rtr,o buyanc doeldo nmneazdzeadan nicdne en,to rne d
:e ,r: �
•.•.. .f"7.L. .. ..... . •• thsei mbpulpteo wesrtfuolsn tewa hiirrc ihas nepdsa rtfosr matT o- shianp e
.., r'u . ..,. •. platnhw,aa tts ob eap artairiclmuypl oritnaflnutoe nnK caeh. n
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, ,..,,r-: :J .:i• Finatlh3le0y tS,ht rSeteat,t iboiunn1i 9l2t9 t-ot3 h4de e siogfGn rsa ham,
AnderPsrooanbn,sWd th itweol,udh olsdp epcoiiagln iatnnh lceiyo f feL ouis
4 KahFno.Kr a htnh,pe a trhtta htse p aocfte hsce i ptlya iynep de oplliev'ess
Roomosf t hcei ty
'Ac isthyo buelap d l awchee re bao wyla iltkttihlnregoi utsgsth r ceaesnte sn se
whahtes omewdoauyll idtk obe e ', pronoluaintnlce ie rfdee c,Ka ahlhilnsi, n g
owyno uitnPh h ilad11' eTlhcpeihi tiesyas .selnlamty ie aetpilnaIgcit evs .a lued
byt hceh aroafic tatsvel arai bi1l2a isKt aihaenls ss'ao,ai ndi,dwt a isnt hcei otfy
PhiladtehlKapathh ina' st amlahenanybdt e se rne cogenniczoeudar,na dg ed
suppoarntwdeh deh,red e i scohvilesir feeldlo oovafner g c hitTehocept puorre­.
tunittihheaehst a bde oeffne bryte hdce i htayadp rofaonuldno dn g-elfafsetcitn g
upoKna hann,hd ew ourledm aal ionyc ailtio zPfeh ni lafodreh liepsnh tiliair fee,
endeavtopou arbyia ntcghk e hdefe ebhlteot w etdhp el aWchei.hl ieds e cision
top ursaurec hiitnec cotluclraeemgr eea tlhaeatrne rd a tshuedrd eKnalhyn,' s
experwiheinglcreeo swu ipan ngbd e ginhnipisrn ogfe ssionapll aiccnae r eer took
an umboeftr h ger eawtoersoktfas r chiitneP chiatledlupraheS.i u cbhu ildings
counlohdta vfaei ltemoda kade e eipmp reosnts hiseoe nn syiotuimnvagen .
WillPieanmnb 'rsi l1l6i8ua2rn btpa lna fonrP hiladweiltpihht isa ,
north-(sBoruoatanhded )a st-(wMeasrbtko eutl)e cvraorsdasstti hnCegi ty
Halalni,dtg sro isfdt raeneqdtu sa retaeccrehsn ,to rnale adrp gaers kt,r etching
eatsowt e sfrto mr ivteorr i vweoru,bl edc oKmaeh anb'o sl ugtievs etna rting
poifonrtt h neu meruorubdsae ns pirgonp ohsewa olusol fdft eohr ib se loved
citTyh.o uhgehw oulsdo metqiumeessit tiesoff ne ctsia vsca cn iev ic
4.H oraTcreu mbaaunetdrh f ei orfmZa ntzi,n ger
Boirea ndM edauryp,p leerv fellop olraP nh,i ladelpihina stiitncu otnitoenm spoocriaKeratyhay nl, w haaytdsh dec etpr ce spfeocrt
MuseuomfA r1t9,19 -2.8T hemo numelsn ttaaircase
thhei stsoirginciaofilftc haPenh ciel adCeilHtpayhl ilaa aanni dm,m igrant,
isa ni ndepe,nf dreenetstealnedmiiennntg th e
centhraalll . hew aasl mroesvte irnhe inastf fefcottrihv oean r itoruu rceat susociated
5.G rahaAmn,d erPsroon,ba sntWd hti,e3 0th
StreSteaitot n,P hilade19l2p-9h3i4.Ta h,et rian witIhn depeMnadlewlnh,ci ec h memorialiczrteiildpc aaPirhnti ladelphia's
statwiaosan l waKyash np'rse feprlarceeodf e ntry
thbei rottfhh U en itSetdaa tasen sa tion.
inhtiobs elo vecdi ty.
5
wanso atna bstmraatctbteu wtra msa dceo ncirnee vteer yedvaeaynn ttdsh e onhea ntdh Set rucRtautriaolno afVl iiloesl-tlem-D uca nDde B audwoitt,h
181 9 1D.e velopmoefan nt
choitcheeesyn taiKlaehbdne. l itehvaoetnd se h ounlodet n ttehrce i btyy architepchtiulroaslo phy thesitrr ong foartf hfiGeno itthayin cod,n t hoet hhearnt dh cel assoifc ism
arriavttih aneig r paonbrdet i bnrgo uignbh yat u tomoonbe ixlper estshwaaty s Duranpde'rsm utsaytsitwveiemt i,ht s arrabtihmteerrt ahroycd omfboirn ing
habde ernu thlselsisiclneyttd oh c ei ty'sw ifatbharoniurycte gaforrid t s facawdiettshhm eo dufalbarroi ftc h beu ilidtilf.sn1'5egC rheitm seemlbfr aced
fundamehnitsatloa rnsidpc aaotlri daTleh rr.o ughhilosiu Kftae h,ln a mented aspeocfbt ostt hh eoermipelso,Dy uirnagn sdo'mse wah-amta tseyrsitaelm
thdee leteeffreiocofatu usst omuosboein tl hehe i stocriiAtclyoal.fhl i psl ans inh iosw nd espigrno cyeesstts a ttihntaghta e r ch'ictaencantlo lhtoi wm self
forP hiladienlvpohlvivaaer dim oeuasno sfp rotetchtceii n(tgoy ft ientn h e tofo rg.e.tt. h taht"e s piorfais tt"efo erlmi sn otth sep iorfsi tto 1n6T eh'i.s
litfeorraomlfss h ielwdailanlngsid )n tegtrhaet ianugt ionmttoohbc eii ltey debaptreo vteobd eo fc ritiimcpaolr ttaoKn achwenh ,o slea ter architectural
whimlien imiiztiismn pgao cntt h cei thyi'sst ofraibacrnaiodlcr dIentr h.i s worakt temwpittrshe, m arksaubclcteeoi s nst,e gtrhaetseea ptpwaor ently
iti sm osrte veatlhiaKntag h nne ver poasd sreisvlseiercd'e san ncdae,s, contrapdoiicontfvtoi sre yw .
ar esuwlatsl, a tienlr i afefa vourciutset oomfce ardb r ivaelrls over the Eugene-EmVmiaonlu-leDelut c-E'lnset restui/re' nasr ch(i2vt oelcst.u re
citwyh,o soep inihoesn osl iocinet veedir mya ginmaabtltdeeu rr ihnigs 1853a-n7Dd2i )c tiornaniasi(o1rn8en5 e4 p-r6o8p)oa snie ndt erproeft ation
freqruiedn13et s . architheicsttauonrradafoy lr m-langdueasgdiege nto efr mainindne sdp ired
FoKra htnh,e tnhp,er owpaetyro e ntPehri ladwealbspy th riaaair nr,i ving byt hnee cesosfic toinesst ruwcittpihao rnt,ie cmuplhaaorsn si tsr ucture.
att h3e0 tSht rSeteatt riiosnui,pfn rgo tmht er abceknse ianttthho ge r aynedt Almofisfttyy eabresfo Kraeh bne ghainss t udiinae rsc hitVeicotlulreet,- le­
sevmeariehn a illtm,so numecnotlaoln fancaidtnehgsce i ttoty h eea asnttd h e Duch add edictahtseee dc ovnodl uomfhe i Esn trettoci oennsst ruction.
univetrots hiwete ys Tta.wl iln doowpseu nn dtehrhe i gshq uare-coffered Viloel-tl-eDucn ootn lrye viecwuerdrp ernatc btuiptcr eosp oassetdo nishing
ceialnibdne gt wtehemena sspiiveweri sts,ht eweallw kaypsl abceetdw teheen (yteetc tonliocgl)aih lcylabyrs itdr ucotfsu treaeensmld a sonirnyc,l utdhien g
glalsasy etrhsr,ow uhgihoc nhl tyhs ek iysv isiTbhl3ee0 .tS ht rSeteatt ion famoupse rspeocf't miavrehksaew ltil t rho oamb ov'ei'n,to eflr airohgrae l l'
iss eotn t hwee sbta nokft hSec huyRlikvielrl, taotd hjuean cievnetr sity, an'di raonmnda sonr-vyaulotlfianrsggp ea cwehsi'mc,uh s hta vmea daed eep
anedx tihtr oiutgmsha idno orwpalyao cneoesn t hMea rkSettr aexeittso impreosnsK iaohnn .
thCei tHya liln,tt hove e rhye aorfPt h iladelphia. ThBei btlhieoqNuaeta ileoi nnP aroif1s 8 54b-yV7 i5o llet-fleel-lDouwc 's
EcodleeBs e auxp-rAorfetssHs eonrLr,ai b ro-uwshtemera es opnerryi meter
Histaosryt haer chitfercite'nsd walelnsc laog sreio dfc ast-ciorlounms nusp poarrtcihnwegrd o ught-iron
Kahenn tetrhaeerd c hitceocutartutsh reUee n iveorfPs eintnys yllovcaantiead, trussesi,nt uwrchnai rctrhhy ne i nteo p-dloimteo sft hcee il-cilnega rly
dirleyac ctrotshSsec huyRlikvifrelorlm d owntoPwhni ladienlt phhei a, inspViiroeldl et-illselt-urDauatcni'tdose n foxsrt h iEsn treEtxiaemnposlf.e s
autuomf1n 9 2.A0tt. h at time, tKoawhunnn''i sv eh'rahswdoih mtaweyta s latbeuri ldtihwnaegtrs ie nt urinnfl uetnosc oemdde e gbryeV ei ollet-le-Duc's
recognaistz hehedi ghqeusatla irtcyh itpercotgurraaimlntm heUe n ited propoisnacllHsue dned rik PetSrtuosEc xkBc ehrailnnAag mgese t'esro dfa m
Stabtaess(e,aad sl w le raett h taitm et)h teoe na cmheitnhgoo ftd hsEe c odlees 1897-1w9i0ti3ht,b s r ick anwdas ltloasnb eu tmceanrtrsty hisnetg e el­
Beauxi-nAP ratrPsia suP.lh ilCirpeapgt er, a doufta htEeec owlheot auignh t strucrtouorafen;ddA natdoelB ea udoSttJ' esad neM ontmartre Church
Philadferlop1mh9 i0ta3o 1 93l7e,td h iasc adeampipcr otaocc lha ssical inP aroif1s 8 9-1490,e4 mploywiinrge -reipneforrfocrebadrt iecdk work
architdeecstiuagrttna h lUe n iverosfPi etnynv saynliCar.e tte'asc hing fillweidtc ho ncraentdte h,i n coronocsfrh eetlrele ss,u litnai m nogd ern
(parablytl heoalfCte r de t's formaenrad r scthuidtoeefncfittscsute raw affhl o builtdhiantg rceommaersck laobtslotey hG eo tihdiecea vlea nsie tm pltohyes
weroent hfaec ulstuyca,hsJ ohHna rbeKsaohnnfi,'r ss t-cyreiwatarits co ) moscto ntempmoartaerrayinm adel tsh ods.
exearfu tn dameanntdla als tiinnflgu eonnKc aeh Fnu.r therCmroerte',s Jena-NicoslL-aouDiusr anPdr'esdc eilsse �do'nasr chidtoencnate uerse
interproeftt hcaelt aisoisnni hcearlwi otuablnedco efp a rticulart oi mportance l'EPcoollyet eocf1h 8n0ai2nq 1du8 e0 a5n,Rd e cueeptai rla dlelesed lifiecd ee s
Kahno'wsnd evelopWmheinCltre.e b te litehvcaeltda sswiactsih soemn ly toguetn arnec,ie emtno sd eorf1n 8e0sw0 e,rt eoh avfea-r raechiinnflgu eonnc e
valmioddo efa r chitdeecstihugearn la,fesl lo tt h caotn tempaorrcahriyt ectural thtee achainndpg r acotfia crec hitdeucrtitunhrgnee i neteceenntthu ry.
dessihgonub lemd o rceo ncewrinttehhdc e o rrceopcmot i tioofcn l emfeonrt s Durantde'xastn dm,o riem potrlthyai,nes x tensseitovsfme e ticulous
thpea rtisciutluaatrth iawonin ta hn pyr edetesrtmyiT!nh eipd r oblem­ illautsitporrnosp tohsaet mdaeybs eiu gnnd erwtiatkaehnan l mosscti entific
solving aacpcpertpohtiaeedc dteh ha na etwf unctainnod n cswo nxttw so uld precibsyei mopnl,o hyiissny gs toefcm o mposbiatsioeontdn h f eu ndamental
letaodn ewm odoesffo rmeaxlp re1•s sion. spateilaelm eonfat rsc hiet.De ucrtaunrd 'tphogesr iitedensdf, i lades,
Crientt rohdiussct eudd teotn httesw oop postihnc•goos nfa rchitectural colonnaaneddle esiv,oa notsfh iPsr eacsei sss enetmipaetllyle ym ewnhticsh ,
6.E ugene-EmVm1aonluleelt '-Pleer-sOpuecc,t ivde esiwghni,ch ha de mergientd h nei neteennttufhrr yo ctm h f-er ench iafp propcrhioastaeenncld oy m bicnoeudbl,ead r ratnoga ecdc ommoadna te
vieowfi nteorfli aorrhg aelp ll'af,tr eoE mn tretiens
su/r' archi1t8e7cT2th.ui drsre a,w iinllgu stratesR ationEaclodileseBst e auxt-sKA.er nneFtrha mpht.on1nos t l•d that Cret infinviatreio efpt ryo graasFm rsa'm,p ntoost.1n7e D uransdy'ssto efdm e sign
Viollet-l'sep -rOoupcoinsteedg roafth ieoanvy
masonaryn dlig hteiwghitr on. engahgiessdt ud'eindnte sb atthioenp gp ositthti, o nis Wl�ll·o·dntn h he t 6 tendteodd e -emphtahssepi ezcefi ufincc otria ornc hitpercotgurraaamslm e,
202 1 I,, ,...•I\ .q1_1 ,,tU 1 1,1- __ _ 1.D evelopmoefan nt somethhiewn ogu lrde apteedalcyk now-lbeudttgo et hdee velopment
,.,,r.rr. .r..�.•. .,; "II,.'..''.:1 ""jn "," ,._.'•:n.l' m0rn:� mn: ,.i.,: r,1:.i:- -,·m I,,TT ·I�f ...-".:r .-:·-.=:. ,--, �: �:i:; architepchtiulroaslo phy ofm anoyt heirnsc,l uLdeCi onrgb uasnidAe lrv Aaarl tmoa,k iinttg h e
.. r-1• ••r.-••1 .:r · �-..I .= -. L.-)!L.. .JJt ..j .. mositm porbtoaonoktfa rchitheicsttufoorrrta yhl fe i rgsetn eration of
Er L;l3r� 1= �i· ..l·lu �=w:u!L=jj
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.:1 •w•,111•11•111 11.111U·.�.;.:�·f,· i,..· . ··. j 1 RomMeo drenoef1 84-507t,h rveoel uomfe s etpclhaestdhe osw ipnlga ns,
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n[1 · ..;u·· •.------r.. :.i1:;...;,.......-1. .·.-. .u �;.1_;.-...;:1- 1 ·· thteh rveoel uomfeH se ctDo'rE spoFurya'gsmd e'natrsc hiotf1e 9c0t5u,r e
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H•:·:L . ·:...= : ..:· : ·-·: - ::..:.· �L; ..L,i:. :. :.-..J..;..L --::·�:...-·:1J �:i11 -::,. -::J.l ::7::.: :��:.. ...:r:.. ...::.:....::r....:i.:......:�.'..r.:.J . .:..:�.!.:.. : :� : .::� ;-:_:;:--·:.·r.! i Kthaawhwtenac isane nts rtoatdwboauil ctivehsaqdhooru ufoiett es htatieysinbr ofle nuio enafpngar rt ctihilaaircilit un mecpclotutrsdht,ira nengec e in
Kahnl'astc earr eEetri:e nneB-oLuolualinesdCe l aude-NLiecdooluaxs,
welalsa nsyp ecmiaftiecpr rioaple irnto iredtseo,pr r ivitlhueeng iev ersal Durand's great epirgehctuewrehsnootsrwheso- rcKkea nhwtnou urlyd
valiodfai tyn eustpraatolir adcleo rm poosfep du rseo laindvd o iTdh.e 'redisicn1o 9v5ea2rn;'td h pee leersasr cehoalohgiisstto,ar niddae ns igner
influeonfDc uer ancdo'msp osimteitohnhoaadldb eefnu rtehxetre nded GiovaBnantitP iisrta,awn heosseiei ghteenteht-ccheoinfRnt ogumsrge ya ve
throiutgdshe velobpymJ eunlGtia eund Certe,tt e'asc ahtte hrEe c oilnhe i,s vietwhswa etr aec cuyreactth ea rwgiettdhh m eo sstu blimep oswp-earat ial
Elemeenttt hse odre!i 'ea rchoift1 e8c9wt9hu,ir cCehr eitn trodaulcoendg, powtehrwa otu slodo dnr aKwa htnoR om-ea nwdh osfaen taismtaigci nary
witDhu ranPdr'esct iohs i,ss t udeTnhtees m.p haosnic so mposoift ion 'reconsotfrt uhCceat mipoMunas'r tdiiussto rfRi ocmtwe o ulhda nagb ove
elemewnotuslh da vteh ger eaitneflsuteo nnKc aeh wnh,o w ouledm ploy Kahnd'rsa wtianbfoglr me o sothf icsa r.Fe ienrailitnls o yct,l etaowr h aetx tent
ane lemeanptparlot aod cehsi inhg nil sa tweorr. k Kahwna si ntrowdhuicilensed c hotootl h weo rokft heea rnliyn eteenth­
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