Lost Letters of Medieval Life. English Society, 1200-1250 PDF
Preview Lost Letters of Medieval Life. English Society, 1200-1250
Lost Letters of Medieval Life (cid:2) Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM Lost Letters of Medieval Life E ng l i sh S o c ie t y, – (cid:2) edited and translated by Martha Carlin and David Crouch University of Pennsylvania Press Philadelphia Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM THE MIDDLE AGES SERIES RuthMazoKarras,SeriesEditor EdwardPeters,FoundingEditor Acompletelistofbooksintheseriesisavailablefromthepublisher. Copyright(cid:2)2013UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Allrightsreserved.Exceptforbriefquotationsusedforpurposesofrevieworscholarlycitation, noneofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanymeanswithoutwrittenpermission fromthepublisher. Publishedby UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19104-4112 www.upenn.edu/pennpress PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaonacid-freepaper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lostlettersofmedievallife:Englishsociety,1200-1250/editedandtranslatedbyMarthaCarlin andDavidCrouch. p.cm.(TheMiddleAgesseries) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindexes. ISBN:978-0-8122-4459-5(hardcover:alk.paper) 1. England—Civilization—1066-1485—Sources. 2.Letterwriting—Earlyworksto1800. 3.England—Sociallifeandcustoms—1066–1485—Sources. I.Carlin,Martha. II.David Crouch.III.Series:TheMiddleAgesseries. DA170.L67 2013 942.03(cid:2)4 2012023969 Frontispiece:BodleianLibrary,Oxford,FairfaxMS27,fol.4v.Thefourtextsthatbegin witha‘‘C’’are Documents65–68;thetwotextsthatbeginwith a‘‘B’’areDocument 61andthebeginningofDocument62. Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM CONTENTS List of Illustrations xiii Preface xv List of Abbreviations xix A Note on Money xxiii INTRODUCTION 1 TheLostLetters .................................................. 1 EarlyFormularies ................................................. 3 BritishLibrary,AdditionalMS8167 ................................ 5 BodleianLibrary,FairfaxMS27 ................................... 7 OtherRelatedFormularies ......................................... 8 England,1199–1250 .............................................. 9 Oxford,c.1200–1250 ............................................ 12 LiteracyinEarlyThirteenth-CenturyEngland ...................... 13 LanguageandStructureoftheLetters ............................. 15 EditorialPrinciples .............................................. 17 CHAPTER 1. MONEY 27 Credit, Debt, and Commerce 27 1 LegalAgreementforPledgingaRuralEstate ....................... 27 2 AnEarlOrdersWinefromHisVintner ............................ 32 3 HowtheVintnerShouldRespondiftheEarlHasaGood CreditRating .................................................... 38 (cid:3) v (cid:3) Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM vi (cid:3) Contents 4 HowtheVintnerShouldRespondiftheEarlDoesNotRepay HisDebts ....................................................... 40 5 AnEarlOrdersClothfromHisDraper,toWhomHeOwes Money .......................................................... 42 6 AnEarlOrdersFursfromHisSkinner,toWhomHeOwesMoney .. 48 7 TheMannerinWhichOneShouldWriteaPositiveorNegative ResponsetoaRequest ............................................ 53 8 LetterofRefusalfromaSkinnerRuinedbyaFire .................. 54 9 AFriendRequestsFiveMarkstoBuyWool ........................ 57 10 AFriendRequestsaLoantoBuyWoolandClothattheFair ........ 59 11 AManSendsPledgesThatHisNeighborCanUsetoSecure aLoan .......................................................... 62 The Jews 63 12 AFriendBegsforMoneytoRepayaLoan ......................... 63 13 ALetterofResponse:BuyingaHorseforOne’sLord ............... 68 14 ALetterofRefusal:RejectingaSubordinate’sRequestfora SecondLoan .................................................... 71 Household Provisioning and Hospitality 73 15 InstructionsforWritingOrdersorProhibitions:AnEarlOrders HisStewardtoSendHimaSupplyofWineandAle ................ 73 16 AFriendWarnsAnothertoBuyGrainAgainstaComingDearth .... 77 17 AnArchdeaconSendsWordtoaDeanAboutanImpending VisitationbytheBishop .......................................... 79 18 ARuralDeanWarnsaPriestofanImminentVisitfromtheBishop andAdvisesHimtoObtainanAppropriateVarietyofFoods ........ 82 19 TheKingOrdersaSherifftoCommandeerWineforHisUseand TransportforIt,andtoDealSharplywithAnyResistance .......... 84 Accounts 85 20 TheMannerofKeepingAccounts ................................. 85 21 ModelManorialAccountforaSix-YearPeriod[September29, 1222–September29,1228] ....................................... 90 22 InstructionsforKeepingaTravelAccount,FollowedbyaDaily HouseholdAccount .............................................. 92 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM Contents (cid:3) vii 23 FurtherInstructionsforKeepingTravelAccounts,Followedby AnotherDailyHouseholdAccount ................................ 96 CHAPTER 2. WAR AND POLITICS 99 War 99 24 AnEarlSummonsHisKnightstoMilitaryServiceOverseas ......... 99 25 AKnightRespondstoaSummonsforMilitaryServicebyAsking foraCashLoantoMeetHisExpenses ............................ 105 26 AManAsksaFriendtoMakeHisExcusestotheKingforBeing UnabletoRespondtoaSummons ............................... 108 27 AManCautionsaFriendThatHeShouldProvidefortheKnights CommittedtoHisCustodyorHisFortuneMightSufferatCourt .. 111 28 AManAdvisesHisFriendtoGuardWelltheImprisonedKnights inHisCharge .................................................. 113 29 TheSheriffofCambridgeOrderstheSerjeantsofaHundredto SummonThoseWhoOwetheKingMilitaryServicetoAssemble atPortsmouthtoGoOverseas ................................... 115 30 TheKingWritestotheEarlofChesterRequestingAidAgainstthe WelshUnderPrinceLlywelyn .................................... 117 31 TheKingSummonsanArmytotheDefenseofHisInterestsin Wales .......................................................... 119 32 TheKing’sLiegeMenWarnHimAboutSecretConfederacies BetweenSomeofHisOwnMenandtheWelsh,WhichThreaten theSuccessofHisCampaign .................................... 121 33 AWarningtoaFriendtoGetHisGrainofftheRoad,Becausethe KingIsAbouttoGotoWalesandWillSeizeAllProvisionsThat HeFindsAlongtheWay ........................................ 123 Politics 124 34 KingHenryIIIofEnglandRequestsanAidfortheMarriageof HisSister ...................................................... 124 35 AMagnateRepliestotheKingAcknowledgingtheKing’sRightbut RemindingHimNottoOverburdenHisSubjectsWhenHeHas IncomeofHisOwn ............................................. 127 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM viii (cid:3) Contents 36 TheBishopsandChurchDignitariesRecommendtotheMagnates andKnightsofEnglandthatTheyTakeCounselovertheKing’s PositiononTaxation ............................................ 128 37 AKnightSeeksAdviceConcerningtheKing’sSupposedWillingness toMarryNobleYoungWomentoMenBelowTheirSocialStation . 130 38 HisColleagueReassurestheKnightthatDisparagementIsAgainst theArticlesofMagnaCarta,andAssuresHimofHisAssistance .... 135 CHAPTER 3. LORDSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION 137 Law and Order 137 39 AConstableOrdersHisBailiffstoDiscoverWhoAretheRobbers PlaguingTheirJurisdictionsandtoStopThem .................... 137 40 TheKingOrdersaSherifftoFindandHangtheThievesWhoHave BeenBurglingVillageHomesbyNight ........................... 141 41 TheSheriffInformstheKingoftheResultofHisPursuitofthe Robbers ........................................................ 143 42 ALandownerintheKing’sServiceComplainstoaSheriffthatHis MenAreBeingHarassedbytheSheriff’sOfficersforSuitofCounty andHundredDespiteHisExemption ............................ 144 43 AManAsksaSherifftoReleaseGoodsSeizedforanUnpaidFine OwedtotheKing ............................................... 147 44 AManAsksaFriendtoCometoLondonwithHimtoActfor HiminaCanonLawSuit ....................................... 149 45 ALettertoaFriendRequestingLegalAssistanceonAnother’s Behalf ......................................................... 153 46 AManAsksaFriendfortheServicesofHisAttorneytoAppearin HisPlaceattheRoyalCourt ..................................... 155 Lordship and Manorial Administration 158 47 AnEarlAsksanAgenttoGetHimMoneyforaReplacement Mount ......................................................... 158 48 ALordRespondswithThreatstoanAttackonHisDependents .... 161 49 AVilleinRefusesaRequestfortheLoanofaPlowandOxen BecauseHeNeedsThemHimself ................................ 164 50 ATenantInformsonaLandowner’sCorruptBailiff ............... 165 51 TheSameBailiffSendsHisRebuttaltoHisLord .................. 168 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM Contents (cid:3) ix 52 AKnightOrdersaBailiffAccusedofFraudtoPresentHis AccountsforInspection ......................................... 172 53 ALandownerSendsaListofInstructionstoHisBailiff ............ 173 Ecclesiastical Administration 175 54 BishopH[ugh]ofLincolnOrdersHisOfficialtoProhibitTwoMen fromLeavingaTownUntilaMajorLawsuitBetweenThemHas BeenSettledbyaForthcomingDiocesanAssembly ................ 175 55 AnArchdeaconWritestoaRuralDeantoChargeHimwiththe CollectionofaClericalTax,andtoOrderHimtoCorrectthe MisbehaviorofChaplainsinHisDeanery ......................... 177 56 ABishop’sOfficialWritestoanArchdeacon’sOfficialtoCertifythe CredentialsofaChaplainWhoWishestoMovetotheLatter’s District ........................................................ 179 57 AChaplainWhoIsWorriedAboutLosingHisJobWritestoa Fellow-ChaplainforAdviceandHelp ............................ 182 Forests and Hunting 184 58 TheKingOrdersaSherifftoInquireintothePoachingofGame inaRoyalForest ................................................ 184 59 TheKingOrdersaSherifftoArresttheCorruptForestersUnder HisCommandWhoHaveBeenSellingOakTreesfromtheRoyal Forest .......................................................... 188 60 ASheriffTellstheKingthatHeCannotComplywithaCommand toProvideVenison,BecausetheAdjoiningForestsBelongtothe KingofScots,WhoseForestersRefusetoAllowHimtoTakeGame There .......................................................... 189 61 ABaronAsksAnotherBarontoSendHimGameandFishto StockHisNewParkandFishpond,andinReturnHeSends HuntingDogs,Hawks,andFalcons .............................. 191 62 ABaronAsksaBarontoHavetheLatter’sSonTrainHisGoshawk, WhichHeSends ................................................ 197 Tournaments 201 63 AnEarlInvitesaBarontoJoinHisTournamentRetinue .......... 201 64 AKnightOrdersHisBailifftoProvideforHisArrivalwithEdmund deLacy,ConstableofChester,andTwentyKnights,WhoAreon TheirWaytoaTournamentatBlyth ............................. 207 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM x (cid:3) Contents 65 TheEarlofWarenneBeseechestheCountofAumaletoCometoa TournamentthatHeHasSponsored,BecauseHeandHisKnights AreRustyfromLackofPracticeandNeedHisHelp ............... 210 66 AnEarlWritestoAnotherEarltoRequestaBriefPauseBetween Tournaments,toEnableEveryonetoTakeaLittleBreakBefore ResumingCombat .............................................. 213 67 AnEarlAsksaBarontoSendHimaDestrierEquippedfora Tournament .................................................... 216 68 TheBaronAgreestoLendHisDestriertotheEarl,BecauseHis LegalAffairsWillPreventHimfromAttendingtheTournament Himself ........................................................ 218 CHAPTER 4. FAMILY AND COMMUNITY 219 News, Gossip, and Family 219 69 ASerjeantWritestoHisMaster,aKnight,toJustifyHisRefusal toObeytheOrdersoftheKnight’sWife .......................... 219 70 AManWarnsHisFriendthatHeHasSeentheLatter’sWifeNaked inBedwithAnotherMan,andSendsHerGirdleasEvidence ...... 222 71 BishopH[ugh]ofC[arlisle]OrdersHisArchdeacontoInquire AboutAdulterersinHisArchdeaconry ........................... 225 72 AnArchdeaconOrdersaDeantoInvestigatetheAllegedBribing ofaChaplainbyanAdulterertoConcealHisAffair ............... 230 73 ARuralDeanOfferstoCoverUpanAllegationAgainstaChaplain ofAdulterywiththeWifeofOneofHisParishioners .............. 231 74 AStewardWritestoHisLordAboutaGravelyIllKnightWhose WifeandDaughterHaveGoneElsewhere ........................ 233 75 AManofPropertyWritesHometoHisWife,Niece,andServants . 235 76 AWifeWritestoHerAbsentHusband ........................... 238 77 AKnightintheQueen’sServiceAsksHisWifetoSendHimLinen ClothandSheets................................................ 241 78 AManAsksaFriendtoTakeHisSonintoHisService ............. 243 Student Life 245 79 AStudentTellsHisFriendsthatHeIsGoingtoBecomeaMonk ... 245 80 AStudentatParisWritestoHisFatherforMoney ................ 247 Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/5/16 5:04 PM
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