Lost Crops of Africa: Volume III: Fruits

381 Pages·2008·7.571 MB·English

by  Council, National Research(Creator)

LOST
CROPS
of
AFRICA

volume III
Fruits

Development, Security, and Cooperation
Policy and Global Affairs
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

Program and staff costs for this study came from the U.S. Agency for International
Development, specifically USAID’s Bureau for Africa with additional support from the
Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Additional funding was received from the
Presidents Committee of the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the
project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10596-5 (Book)
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10596-X (Book)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-10597-2 (PDF)
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-10597-8 (PDF)

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 93086876

Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500
Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; [phone] or (202) 334-
3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu

Suggested citation:

National Research Council. 2008. Lost Crops of Africa. Volume III: Fruits, Washington,
D.C.: The National Academies Press.

Copyright 2008 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

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of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

PANEL ON AFRICAN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

NORMAN BORLAUG, Chair, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo
(CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico
ANTHONY CUNNINGHAM, School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin
University, Darwin, Australia
JANE I. GUYER, Department of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
HANS HERREN, Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia, USA
CALESTOUS JUMA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
AKINLAWON MABOGUNJE, Development Policy Centre (retired), Ibadan, Nigeria
BARBARA UNDERWOOD, National Eye Institute (retired), Sun City, California,
USA
MONTAGUE YUDELMAN, Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow, Washington, DC,
USA

PROGRAM STAFF
MARK DAFFORN, Study Director
NOEL D. VIETMEYER, Consulting Author and Scientific Editor

F. R. RUSKIN, Editor (through 1994)
ELIZABETH MOUZON, Senior Secretary (through 1994)
DON OSBORN, MUCIA Intern (1994)
BRENT SIMPSON, MUCIA Intern (1993)
MOLLY MUGNOLO, MUCIA Intern (1992)

v
CONTRIBUTORS
More than 1,000 people have participated in the National Research Council’s
overall study of the crops of Africa. Most contributed by nominating species of
grains, fruits, nuts, vegetables, legumes, oilseeds, spices, sweeteners, and
beverage plants they deemed worthy of inclusion. All those individuals played a
part in developing this, the third product from the study. The following list,
however, includes especially the ones who provided technical details that
became incorporated into chapters of this particular book.
To all contributors, listed and unlisted, we are truly grateful.

AFRICA
PAUL O. ANEGBEH, ICRAF-IITA-IFAD Agroforestry Project, Onne, Nigeria
NEREE ONGUENE AWANA, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon
SALOMAO BANDEIRA, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade
EDOUARD G. BONKOUNGOU, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
PHILIP BOTMA, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, South Africa
DOMINIC BYARUGABA, Makerere University Institute of Environment and Natural
Resources, Kampala, Uganda
EBBY CHAGALA, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
AUGUSTINE CHARLES CHIKUNI, National Herbarium & Botanic Gardens of
Malawi, Zomba, Malawi
LOU COETZER, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South
Africa
ROY DANFORTH, Loko Agroforestry Program, Congo
IDRISSA DICKO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
EDMOND DOUNIAS, CNRS, Montpellier, France
PIERRE DU PLESSIS, CRIAA SA-DC, Windhoek, Namibia
ROSEMARY DU PREEZ, ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops,
Nelspruit, South Africa
HERMAN ELS, Centre for Indigenous Knowledge, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
KLAUS FLEISSNER, Mahene Research Station, Ombalantu, Namibia
BERNARD FOAHOM, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon
FRANCIS N. GACHATHI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
BARBARA GEMMILL, University of Nairobi and Environment Liaison Center
International, Nairobi, Kenya
VELDIE VAN GREUNING, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria,
South Africa
CORI HAM, Department of Forest Science, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland,
South Africa
MARLISE JOUBERT, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa
vi
ROBERT KAITHO, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
DAVID KENFACK, Limbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, Cameroon
JOSEPH KENGUE, IRAD, Yaounde, Cameroon
HERTA KOLBERG, National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Windhoek, Namibia
DAVID O. LADIPO, CENRAD, Jericho Hills, Ibadan, Nigeria
PETER LOVETT, Meteo. Services Department, Legon, Accra, Ghana
GILLIAN MAGGS-KÖLLING, National Botanical Research Institute, Windhoek,
Namibia
COLEEN MANNHEIMER, National Herbarium, Windhoek, Namibia
HENK MAST, Eden Foundation, Zinder, Niger
STANLEY MATEKE, Veld Products Research & Development, Gaborone, Botswana
OSCAR EYOG MATIG, IPGRI/Sub-Saharan Forest Genetic Resources Programme,
Cotonou, Benin
PATRICK MAUNDU, Kenya Resource Center For Indigenous Knowledge, The
National Museum Of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
EDUARDO MONDLANE, Maputo, Mozambique
J. MULLER, Ben Hur Rural Development Center, Gobabis, Namibia
MOSES MUNJUGA, ICRAF, Nairobi, Kenya
LUSAYO MWABUMBA, Mzuzu University, Luwinga, Mzuzu, Malawi
MOUHOUSSINE NACRO, Laboratoire de Chemie Organique appliquee,
Ouagadougou University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
C. K. MWAMBA, National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Lusaka,
Zambia
OUSSEYNOU NDOYE, CIFOR Regional Office, Yaounde, Cameroon
MZOMA R NGULUBE, SADC FSTCU, Forestry Department Headquarters,
Lilongwe, Malawi
AMADOU NIANG, SLWA/ICRAF, Bamako, Mali
ALBERT NIKIEMA, CNSF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
PAUL NOREN, Loko Agroforestry Program, Congo
J.C. OBIEFUNA, Department of Crop Production, Federal University of
Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
JONATHON C. OKAFOR, Tree Crops and Tropical Ecology Consultants, Enugu,
Enugu State, Nigeria
DOV PASTERNAK, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger
PETER PHILLIPSON, Botany Department, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South
Africa
NAT & PATRICIA QUANSAH, Morondava Centre, Morondava, Madagascar
SIDY SANOGO, Programme Ressources Forestières Sikasso, Mali
HABY SANOU, Programme Ressources Forestières Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
PIETER SCHMIDT, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon
DAOUDA SIDIBE, Programme Ressources Forestières Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
MODIBO M. SIDIBE, Institut d’economie Rurale, Bamako, Mali
THOMAS SILOU, Centre IRD, Pointe-Noire, Congo
FRANK W. TAYLOR, Veld Products Consultancies, Gaborone, Botswana
vii
JONATHAN TIMBERLAKE, Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
OTLOGETSWE TOTOLO, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
BRAMA TRAORÉ, Imama, Tlemcen, Algeria
SHEONA SHACKLETON, Environmental Science Programme, Rhodes University,
Grahamstown, South Africa
LOVEMORE SIMWANDA, Zambia National Farmers’ Union, Lusaka, Zambia
HARRY C. VAN DEN BURG, Umlimi Lokhonile Seeds, Malkerns, Swaziland
A.E. VAN WYK, Department of Botany, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South
Africa
B. NIGEL WOLSTENHOLME, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
HAROUNA YOSSI, Programme Ressources Forestières, Sikasso, Mali

OTHER REGIONS
MICHAEL BENGE, Africa Program Coordinator, International Programs, USDA
Forest Service, Washington DC, USA
ALIZA BENZIONI, Institute for Agriculture and Applied Biology, Ben Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
ANTHONY B. CUNNINGHAM, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii,
Honolulu, Hawaii
FRIEDA RAPOPORT CAPLAN, Frieda’s, Inc., Los Alamitos, California, USA
J. MICHAEL FAY, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
JEFFREY A. GRITZNER, Department of Geography, The University of Montana,
Missoula, Montana, USA
JOHN HALL, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales,
Bangor, Wales, UK
NAZMUL HAQ, International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK
DAVID B HARPER, Food and Agricultural Chemistry Department, The Queen’s
University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
JACQUE HUIGNARD, Université François-Rabelais, Tours, France
RENEÉ HUTCHINGS, M. I. Exotics, Te Puke, New Zealand
MOLLY JAHN, Department of Plant Breeding, Cornell University, Ithaca, New
York, USA
NORGE W. JEROME, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City,
Kansas, USA
SARAH LAIRD, New York, New York, USA
ROGER LEAKEY, School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns,
Queensland, Australia
RUTH MALLESON, Dunsmore, Buckinghamshire, UK
JAMES MCCREIGHT, USDA-ARS, Salinas, California, USA
SAMUEL MENDLINGER, Institute for Agriculture & Applied Biology, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
viii
LAURA C. MERRICK, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa, USA
YOSEF MIZRAHI, Institutes for Applied Research, Ben Gurion University of the
Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
JOHN K. MORRIS, Tauranga, New Zealand
JULIA K. MORTON, Morton Collectanea, Coral Gables, Florida
AVINOAM NERD, Institute for Agriculture and Applied Biology, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
DONALD OSBORN, Peace Corps, Washington, DC, USA
CHRISTEL PALMBERG-LERCHE, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome, Italy
CHRIS ROLLINS, Fruit & Spice Park, Homestead, Florida, USA
VASSILIOS SARAFIS, School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
JOHN SCHEURING, Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, Basel,
Switzerland
KATE SCHRECKENBERG, Forest Policy and Environment Group, Overseas
Development Institute, London, UK
HENRY SHANDS, USDA-ARS-National Seed Storage Lab, Fort Collins, Colorado,
USA
BRENT SIMPSON, Center for Global Change and Earth Observations, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
ELAINE M SOLOWEY, Kebbutz Ketura, Hevel-Eilot, Israel
CLAUDE SWEET, San Diego, California, USA
DUNCAN THOMAS, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University,
Corvallis, Oregon, USA
HAN VAN DIJK, Department of Environmental Science, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
TODD C. WEHNER, Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

ix