Lost Crops of Africa

379 Pages·2010·7.81 MB·English

LOST
CROPS
of
AFRICA
volume II
Vegetables
Development, Security, and Cooperation
Policy and Global Affairs
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the
Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were
chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
Program and staff costs for this study came from the U.S. Agency for International
Development, specifically USAID’s Bureau for Africa with additional support from the
Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. Additional funding was received from the
Presidents Committee of the National Academies. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the
project.
International Standard Book Number-10 0-309-10333-9 (Book)
International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-309-10333-6 (Book)
International Stardard Book Number-10 0-309-66582-5 (PDF)
International Standard Book Number-13 978-0-309-66582-7 (PDF)
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 93-86876
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PANELON AFRICAN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
NORMAN BORLAUG, Chair, Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y
Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico City, Mexico
ANTHONY CUNNINGHAM, School for Environmental Research, Charles Darwin
University, Darwin, Australia
JANE I. GUYER, Department of Anthropology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
HANSHERREN, Millennium Institute, Arlington, Virginia, USA
CALESTOUS JUMA, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
AKINLAWON MABOGUNJE, Development Policy Centre (retired), Ibadan, Nigeria
BARBARA UNDERWOOD, National Eye Institute (retired), Sun City, California,
USA
MONTAGUE YUDELMAN, Woodrow Wilson Visiting Fellow, Washington, DC,
USA
PROGRAM STAFF
MARKDAFFORN,Study Director
NOELD.VIETMEYER,Consulting Author and Scientific Editor
F.R.RUSKIN,Editor (through 1994)
ELIZABETHMOUZON,Senior Secretary (through 1994)
BRENTSIMPSON,MUCIA Intern (1994)
DONOSBORN,MUCIA Intern (1993)
MOLLYMUGNOLO,MUCIA Intern (1992)
v
CONTRIBUTORS
When the idea for a project on native African food plants was first mooted,
more than 1,000 people nominated their favorite grains, fruits, nuts, vegetables,
legumes, and other plants. All told, over 100 species were suggested for inclusion.
Indeed, the numbers and the enthusiasm were so high that we decided to produce
separate volumes on grains, vegetables, and fruits. We certainly are grateful to all
who helped launch the program, but the following are the ones who especially
provided the technical details and insights that created the chapters of this
particular book.
AFRICA
DOSSOU FIRMIN ADJAHOSSOU, Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques; Universite
Nationale du Benin, Cotonou, Benin
JAMESALLEMANN, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
PAUL O. ANEGBEH, ICRAF-IITA-IFAD Agroforestry Project, International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Onne, Nigeria
D.J.M. ANNEROSE, Laboratoire de Physiologie de l’Adaptation a la Secheresse,
Bambey, Senegal
BEATRICE ANYANGO, Department of Botany, University of Nairobi, Nairobi,
Kenya
ASIAN VEGETABLERESEARCH CENTER, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
KINGSLEY AYISI, Department of Plant Production, University of the North,
Sovenga, South Africa
SUNDAYP.BAKO, Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University,
Zaria, Samaru, Nigeria
JULESBAYALA, INERA/DPF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
JEAN-MARCBOFFA, ICRAF, Kampala, Uganda
EDOUARD G. BONKOUNGOU, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
REMIGIUS BUKENYA-ZIRABA, Department of Botany, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
CENTRENATIONAL DESEMENCESFORESTIERES, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
FABEONCHIGUMIRA, Horticultural Research Centre, Marondera, Zimbabwe
FELIX D. DAKORA, Botany Department, University of Cape Town, Cape Town,
South Africa
OLANREWAJU A. DENTON, National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo
State, Nigeria
IDRISSADICKO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
EMMANUELV.DOKU, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon,
Ghana
VERADOKU, Department of Crop Science, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
ROGERELLIS, Agricultural Research Council, Lynn East, South Africa
vi
KLAUSFLEISSNER, Mahene Research Station, Ombalantu, Namibia
JEAN-MARIE FONDOUN, Institut de la Recherche Agricole pour le Développement,
Yaoundé, Cameroon
FRANCIS N.GACHATHI, Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
BARBARA GEMMILL, University of Nairobi and Environment Liaison Center
International, Nairobi, Kenya
DONALDE.GREENBERG, Tulimara (Pvt) Ltd, Chispite, Harare, Zimbabwe
INSTITUT SENEGALAIS DE RECHERCHES AGRICOLES, Parc Forestier de Hann,
Dakar, Senegal
MARIANA JOOSTE, Agricultural Research Council, Lynn East, South Africa
SAMUELK.KARIKARI, Botswana College of Agriculture, Gaborone, Botswana
DAVID O.LADIPO, CENRAD, Ibadan, Nigeria
ELISSAVETAO.LOUTCHANSKA, Agostinho Neto University, Luanda, Angola
PETERLOVETT, Legon, Accra, Ghana
STANLEY MATEKE, Veld Products Research and Development, Gaborone,
Botswana
MABOKO S MPOSI, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the North, Sovenga,
South Africa
MOUHOUSSINE NACRO Laboratoire de Chemie Organique appliquee,
Ouagadougou University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
OUSSEYNOUNDOYE, CIFOR Regional Office, Yaounde, Cameroon
N. QUATNG, IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria
AMADOUNIANG coordinateur de SLWA/ICRAF Bamako, Mali
ALBERTNIKIEMA, CNSF, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
JONATHON C. OKAFOR, Tree Crops and Tropical Ecology Consultants, Enugu,
Enugu State, Nigeria
O.O. OLUFAJO, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University,
Samaru, Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
ADENIKE OLUFOLAJI, National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Oyo State,
Nigeria
MELOLUOCH, AVRDC Africa Regional Program, Duluti, Arusha, Tanzania
MARY O.A. ONYANGO, Maseno University College, Maseno, Kenya
DOVPASTERNAK, ICRISAT Sahelian Center, Niamey, Niger
NAT&PATRICIAQUANSAH, Morondava Centre, Morondava, Madagascar
JACKREEVES, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria
SIDY SANOGO, Programme Ressources Forestières Sikasso, Mali
HABYSANOU, Programme Ressources Forestières Sotuba, Mali
PIETERSCHMIDT, Tropenbos Cameroon Programme, Kribi, Cameroon
FRANKJ.SENKONDO, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
ABU SESAY, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland,
Kwaluseni, Swaziland
KALLUNDE SIBUGA, Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine
University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
DAOUDASIDIBE, Programme Ressources Forestières Sotuba, Bamako, Mali
vii
MODIBO M.SIDIBE, Institut d’economie Rurale, Bamako, Mali
B.B. SINGH, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kano Station, Nigeria
MARIENNE SPREETH, ARC/LNR, Roodeplaat, South Africa
FRANKW.TAYLOR, Veld Products Consultancies, Gaborone, Botswana
ZACTCHOUNDJEU, ICRAF-Cameroon, Yaoundé, Cameroon
JONATHAN TIMBERLAKE, Biodiversity Foundation for Africa, Bulawayo,
Zimbabwe
OTLOGETSWETOTOLO, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
HARRY C. VAN DEN BURG, Umlimi Lokhonile Seeds, Malkerns, Swaziland
SOGNONRAYMOND VODOUHÈ, IPGRI Cotonou, Benin
GEBREYNTISO, Addis Ababa University
HAROUNA YOSSI, Programme Ressources Forestières, Sikasso, Mali
OTHER REGIONS
SAYED AZAM-ALI, Tropical Crops Research Unit, University of Nottingham,
Loughborough, Nottinghamshire, UK
PATRICIABARNES-MCCONNELL, International Center, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, USA
FRANK BEGEMANN, Centre for Agricultural Documentation and Information
(ZADI), Bonn, Germany
DOUGBOLAND, CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Kingston, ACT, Australia
STEVENBRANDT, archaeologist, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
RICARDO BRESSANI, Centro de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidad
del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala
BOB BRINSMEAD, Farming Systems Institute, Department of Primary Industries,
Warwick, Queensland, Australia
JOHN P. CHERRY, Eastern Regional Research Center, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania,
USA
PABLOE.COLUCCI, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
SAMUEL D. COTNER, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M
University, College Station, Texas, USA
STAFFORD M.A. CROSSMAN, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of the
Virgin Islands, St. Croix, Virgin Islands, USA
MARIE-CHRISTINE DAUNAY, Genetique et Amelioration des Fruits et Legumes,
INRA, Montfavet, France
SØREN DØYGAARD, Tuborgvej, Hellerup, Denmark
HAN VAN DIJK, Department of Environmental Science, Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
JEFFEHLERS, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside, California, USA
J. MICHAELFAY, Expeditions Council, National Geographic Society, Washington
DC, USA
viii
ROBFLETCHER, School of Land and Food, The University of Queensland Gatton
College, Queensland, Australia
GEOFF FOLKARD, Department of Engineering, University of Leicester, Leicester,
UK
EUNICE FOSTER, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
PETERGRIFFEE, Forestry Department, FAO, Rome, Italy
GERARDJ.H.GRUBBEN, PROTA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
JANE I. GUYER, Program of African Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston
Illinois, USA
JOHN HALL, School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales,
Bangor, Wales, UK
M. HAROUNHALLACK, Inwood, West Virginia, USA
DAVID HARRIS, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
NAZMUL HAQ, International Centre for Underutilised Crops, University of
Southampton, Southampton, UK
JOHN HOLLAND, NSW Agriculture, Tamworth Centre for Crop Improvement,
Tamworth, New South Wales, Australia
HÉLÈNEJOLY, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
CHARLESS.KAUFFMAN, The Accokeek Foundation, Accokeek, Maryland, USA
WARWICK KERR, Genetica I Biociencias, Univ. Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia
Minas Gerais, Brazil
SARAHLAIRD, New York, New York, USA
DAVID LAWLOR, Institute of Arable Crops Research, Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Harpenden, Herts. UK
ROGER LEAKEY, School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Cairns,
Queensland, Australia
SYLVIA LEE-HUANG, Department of Biochemistry, New York University School
of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
RICHARD N. LESTER, Birmingham University Botanic Gardens Winterbourne,
England, UK
MIKE LUCY, Farming Systems Institute, Department of Primary Industries,
Pittsworth, Queensland, Australia
BRIGITTE L. MAASS, Inst. for Crop & Animal Production in the Tropics, Georg-
August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
RUTHMALLESON, Dunsmore, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
FRANKLIN W.MARTIN, Lehigh Acres, Florida, USA
J. TERRENCE MCCABE, Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado, USA
LISA MCDONALD, James Cook University, Townsville Queensland, Australia
LAURA C. MERRICK, Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames,
Iowa, USA
DONALDOSBORN, Peace Corps, Washington, DC, USA
ix