Long-term Perspective in Coastal Zone Development: Multifunctional Coastal Protection Zones

227 Pages·2009·6.672 MB·English

by  Frank Ahlhorn (auth.)

Long-Term Perspective in Coastal
Zone Development
Frank Ahlhorn
Long-Term Perspective
in Coastal Zone Development
Multifunctional Coastal Protection Zones
123
FrankAhlhorn
Universita¨tOldenburg
Zentrumfu¨rUmwelt-und
Nachhaltigkeitsforschung
(COAST)
26111Oldenburg
Germany
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-01773-5 e-ISBN978-3-642-01774-2
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-01774-2
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009926866
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis
concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,
reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication
orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,
1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations
areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotective
lawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Coverdesign:deblik,Berlin
PhotooftheAuthor:(c)Nordwestzeitung,Red.Varel.
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Weneedplansforthefuture
thatdonotpaintallgreyandblack,
butformulateworthwhileaims.
Source:Prof.Dr.Hans-PeterDu¨rr
(RecipientoftheRightLivelihoodAwardin1987)
TomyFamily.
Preface
FromFebruary2004untilDecember2007theComCoastproject(CombinedFunc-
tionsinCoastalDefenceZones)wascarriedoutwithintheInterregIIIBframework.
The objective of this project was to investigate and to test the options for spatial
coastal protection concepts. The mission statement of the project over its entire
duration was: A wider approach in coastal thinking. I was glad to be part of this
projectandwouldliketothankallmyEuropeancolleaguesfortheconstructiveand
cooperativeatmosphere.
Firstly,Iwouldliketoexpress mythanks toProf.Dr.HorstSterrandProf.Dr.
Hans Kunz who assisted me over these years with their thorough guidance and
comprehensive expertise and for many in-depth discussions on the focus of this
dissertation.
Secondly,IwouldliketothankmycolleagueDr.Ju¨rgenMeyerdirks,whoacted
asmykeyscientificsparringpartneroverthelasttwoyears,andwhocontinuously
demonstrated his ability to bring me back to earth. Additionally, I would like to
thank my colleague Dr. Thomas Klenke, who gave me the chance to be part of a
challengingEuropeanprojectconsortiumandwhosupportedmewithhisexpertise
ontheprojectandthedissertation.Furthermore,Iwouldliketoexpressmyspecial
thankstoGerardMcGovern,whothoroughlyimprovedmyEnglish.
Last,butnotleast,Iowemyspecialthankstomyfamily–Malika,Marten,Jonte,
LasseandmywifeSandra–whosupportedmewithpatience,creativeinterruptions
andforcedmetofinallycompletemydissertation.
ix
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................... 1
1.1 Aim,ContextandGuidingQuestions ......................... 1
1.2 StructureoftheDissertation................................. 3
1.3 MethodologicalApproaches................................. 5
2 BackgroundInformation–NatureandSociety .................... 7
2.1 TheNaturalEnvironmentoftheNorthSeaCoastalZones ........ 7
2.1.1 BasicInformation................................... 7
2.1.2 LandscapesandImportantAreas ...................... 9
2.2 SeaLevelCurvesandtheFlood-proneAreas................... 21
2.2.1 SeaLevelCurves ................................... 21
2.2.2 TodaysFlood-proneAreas ........................... 22
2.3 ServiceforSociety:CoastalProtection........................ 24
2.3.1 Retrospective–CoastalProtectionuntilYesterday ....... 24
2.3.2 TheConsequencesoftheStormSurgesin1953andin1962 26
2.4 ProtectionAgainstFlooding–Today’sConcept ................ 29
2.4.1 LowerSaxony...................................... 29
2.4.2 TheNetherlands.................................... 33
2.4.3 Outlook ........................................... 34
3 NewInsights–VaryingCircumstancesandNewFrameworks ....... 37
3.1 ClimateChangeandConsequences........................... 37
3.1.1 IPCC–FourthAssessmentReport(AR4)............... 38
3.1.2 TheEuropeanDimension ............................ 40
3.1.3 PossibleEffectsofClimateChangeinGermany ......... 42
3.1.4 RegionalVulnerabilityandSectoralPerspectives......... 48
3.2 SustainableDevelopmentandIntegratedManagement........... 50
3.2.1 TheInternationalPerspective ......................... 52
3.2.2 TheEuropeanPerspective............................ 53
3.2.3 NationalStrategyonICZMinGermany ................ 56
3.3 Addressing(Flood)RiskManagement ........................ 57
3.3.1 Risk,UncertaintyandVulnerability.................... 57
xi
xii Contents
3.3.2 RiskPerception .................................... 62
3.3.3 RiskCommunication................................ 63
3.3.4 IntegratedRiskManagementApproach................. 66
3.4 NewSafetyNeeds–DemandsforAction...................... 71
3.4.1 SafetyDemandsinGermany ......................... 71
3.4.2 SafetyDemandsinTheNetherlands ................... 72
3.4.3 LookingBackandForward........................... 75
4 AnticipatingtheFuture–AvailableToolsandInstruments .......... 79
4.1 LegalProcesses–ConsultationandCooperation................ 80
4.1.1 RelevantInstruments ................................ 80
4.1.2 PotentialsandChallengesforCoastalProtectionZones ... 90
4.2 ParticipatoryAction–InvolvingtheCoastalSociety ............ 95
4.2.1 ParticipationApproaches–Retrospective............... 95
4.2.2 BarrierstoParticipation.............................. 98
4.3 AssessingtheFuture–ScenariosandEvaluation................104
4.3.1 Scenarios..........................................104
4.3.2 AssessmentFrameworks .............................107
4.3.3 OutrankingofScenarios–Background.................112
4.4 Cooperation for the Future – Participatory Integrated
Assessment .............................................. 117
4.4.1 FrameworkforImplementation .......................119
5 SoundOptions–MultifunctionalCoastalProtectionZones ..........123
5.1 SpatialCoastalProtectionConcept ...........................123
5.1.1 DefinitionofCoastalProtectionZones .................123
5.1.2 ProposedSolutionsoftheComCoastProject ............128
5.2 Results of the Case Study Nessmersiel – Achieving
Multifunctionality......................................... 129
5.2.1 IdentificationofSites................................129
5.2.2 DescriptionoftheSite...............................132
5.2.3 DesignoftheParticipationProcess ....................134
5.2.4 Design Elements, Geographic Information
SystemandScoringMatrix .......................... 137
5.2.5 ResultsoftheProcess ...............................142
5.2.6 SingleandGroupDecision-MakingProcess.............153
5.3 LessonsLearned–ParticipatoryIntegratedAssessment..........158
5.3.1 TheScoringMatrix–CatalystforaDesiredWorld?......162
5.3.2 AVisionfortheFuture–WhatAbouttheAdaptability? ..163
6 LookingAhead–ASustainableProcess ...........................165
6.1 ProgressThroughAdaptation................................166
6.2 PracticeIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement..................167
6.3 Outcome–OptionsofMultifunctionalCoastalProtectionZones ..169
6.4 FinalRemarks ............................................171
Contents xiii
7 Summaries ....................................................173
7.1 Summary.................................................173
7.2 Zusammenfassung .........................................175
8 References .....................................................187
A LegalInstrumentsRelatedtoMultifunctionalCoastalProtection
Zones .........................................................205
A.1 StrategicEnvironmentalAssessment(SEA)....................205
A.2 EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)......................206
A.3 WaterFrameworkDirective(WFD)...........................207
A.4 FloodRiskManagementDirective(FRMD)....................207
A.5 BirdsDirective............................................209
A.6 HabitatsDirective .........................................209
A.7 LawonWaterManagementofLowerSaxony(NWG) ...........210
B EuropeanCaseStudies ..........................................211
B.1 CaseStudyAbbottsHall(UK)...............................211
B.1.1 DescriptionoftheSettingandtheProcess ..............211
B.1.2 ResultsoftheParticipationProcessinAbbottsHall ......212
B.2 CaseStudyWallaseaWetlandCreation(UK)...................214
B.2.1 StepstoIdentifyaFeasibleSite .......................214
B.2.2 WallaseaIslandToday...............................216
B.3 CaseStudyPerkpolder(NL).................................217
B.3.1 DescriptionoftheSettingandtheProcess ..............217
B.3.2 ResultsoftheParticipationProcess ....................218
Index .............................................................219
List of Figures
1.1 Structureofthedissertation..................................... 4
2.1 TidalrangeofthesouthernNorthSea ............................ 9
2.2 LandreclamationworksintheLeyBay........................... 15
2.3 SaltmarshareaintheWaddenSea ............................... 15
2.4 Interactionoftidelevelandsaltmarshvegetation................... 18
2.5 SeaLevelCurveforthesouthernNorthSea ....................... 22
2.6 Thecoastalfloodplainofnorth-westernGermany .................. 23
2.7 FiguresaboutthecoastalfloodplainofthesouthernNorthSearegion . 24
2.8 Proceedingsofdesignwaterlevel,LowerSaxony .................. 31
2.9 SeconddikelinesinLowerSaxony .............................. 32
3.1 Schematic view of the components of the climate system, their
processesandinteractions ...................................... 38
3.2 Projectedglobalaveragesurfacewarmingandsealevelriseattheend
ofthe21stcentury............................................. 40
3.3 ResultsofREMOformeanairtemperatureinwinterandinsummer
timefor2071–2100againsttheperiod1961–1990.................. 43
3.4 ResultsofREMOofrelativechangesforprecipitationinwinterand
insummertimefor2071–2100againsttheperiod1961–1990 ........ 44
3.5 Meanairtemperatureforsummertimeinthreeperiods.............. 44
3.6 Changesinprecipitationinwintertimeforthreeperiods............. 45
3.7 Semi-quantativevisualisationoftheresultsofWETTREGforthe
NorthSeaandBalticSeacoast .................................. 46
3.8 ScenariosofchangesinextremehighwaterlevelforHamburgand
Cuxhaven.................................................... 47
3.9 VulnerableregionsandsectorsinGermany(excerpt)................ 49
3.10 ClassificationofriskafterWBGU ............................... 60
3.11 Strategiesandinstrumentsfortherisktypecyclops ................. 60
3.12 Conceptualframeworkforcoastalvulnerabilityassessment .......... 61
3.13 Actorsofthepolitical-administrativesystemforcoastalprotectionin
LowerSaxony ................................................ 63
3.14 Riskdynamics................................................ 67
3.15 Integratedriskapproach........................................ 70
3.16 OverviewaboutsitesofactioninLowerSaxonyandBremen......... 71
xv