Long Island Botanical Society newsletter

12 Pages·2000·2.6 MB·English

by  Long Island Botanical Society

LONG ISLAND
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Vol. 10, No.3 The Quarterly Newtletter OK..I\J Ii Hly-Sept. 2000
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Old Growth Forests ^botanical garden
-
on Long Island, New York
Daniel Karpen
Maritime Red Cedar Forests: Orient Beach
After more than 350 years of settlement, Long State Park contains an Atlantic Maritime Climax
Island has a number of old growth forest areas. Forest, dominated by Eastern Red Cedar
Whilesomeofthemmaybevery small, sometimes {Juniperus virginiana). The understory is domi-
as little as an aere, the astonishing variety of the natedbyPricklyPearCactus (Opuntiahumifusa).
various forest types will surprise one. I located three acres ofMaritime Red Cedar For-
This paper will describe some of the areas that est at East Beach, just south of the Target Rock
are known or suspectedto be old growth. Aprob- NationalWildlife Refuge onLloydNeckin Hun-
leminthedelineationofoldgrowthforestsonLong tington, N.Y during the summer of 1993. The
Island is the fact that some areas, particularly on oldest Eastern Red Cedar trees had flat topped
the north shore, have not been cut in 200 years, crowns, anindicatorofoldage. TheBeachPlums
which makes it difficult to determine if an area is {Prunus maritima) in association with this stand
truly original orifitisregrowthfollowinglogging were up to 8 inches in diameter at the base. The
in colonial times. Such areas do resemble old East Beach site is only 3 acres in extent. Another
growth so closely that it is almost impossible to Atlantic Maritime Forest is on the extreme north-
tell them apart.
Gardiner’s Island: Perhaps one of the largest
and most significant old growth forests is the ap-
proximately700acresofWhiteOak Quercusalba)
(
dominatedforestonGardiner’sIslandbetweenthe
North and South Forks. This area is called
“Bostwick Forest” and, according to Robert
Gardiner, the 16th lord ofthe manor, the oak tree
on which Captain Kidd ofpirate fame was hanged
is still alive. Also noteworthy is Yellow Birch
(Betula alleghaniensis) at Bostwick Forest.
Westhampton Dwarf Pine Plains: This is an
area of approximately 2,000 acres of dwarf Pitch
Pine (Pinus rigida), similar to the better known
dwarf pine plains in New Jersey. Its ecological
significance has only been recognized in the past
25 years. Understory is Scrub Oak {Quercus
ilicifolia)withBearberry{Arctostaphylosuva-ursi).
This area is considered a globally rare ecosystem
by the NewYork Natural Heritage Program.
Page 25
Long Island Botanical Society Society News
Founded: 1986 Incorporated: 1989
Agalinis Amigos: Vincent Puglisi reported that a consortium of
entities has come together to form the “Friends of the Hempstead
The Long Island Botanical Society
Plains”. Participating are the New York City Department of Parks,
is dedicated to the promotion of
field botany and a greater under- The Nature Conservancy, and Nassau Community College. Primary
standing of the plants that grow in their objective is to help protect populations of Sandplain Gerar-
wild on Long Island, New York. dia {Agalinis acuta). While it has been known on the north side of
the Hemptsead Plains Preserve, it is now found on the south side.
An Exotic Expergefaction: Marilyn Jordan, Stewardship Ecolo-
Executive Board ofDirectors
gist of The Nature Conservancy, will be giving a talk “Ecological
President
Eric Lament [phone] Impacts ofInvasiveExotic Species” atUplands FarminColdSpring
VicePresident Harbor on November 8, 2000 at 7:30 PM. It is open to the public.
Skip Blanchard [phone] Carya’s Last Stand: Karen Blumer has reported over a hundred
Treasurer tall trees ofShagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) in a wet woodland site
Carol Johnston [phone]
on the northwest comer ofWhiskey Road and William Floyd Park-
Recording Secretary
BarbaraConolly [phone] wayintheTownshipofBrookhaven. AndrewGrellerpositivelyiden-
Corresponding Secretary tified the trees making this the most significant, and perhaps only,
John Potente [phone] native population on Long Island. (He commented thatpriorreports
of Shagbark Hickory have actually turned out to be Carya ovalis.)
Committee Chairpersons A
The area also contains valuable perched wetlands. developer is
LocalFlora looking to clear the 100 acre area. Ridge Civic Association and the
Steven Clemants [phone]
Open Space Council are mounting a lawsuit to protection it.
FieldTrips
TomMeoli [phone] Sanguine Signs in Stony Brook: Louise Harrison reported that
Programs there is hope the largestremaining contiguous forestin Stony Brook
Zu Proly [phone] mayreceiveprotection. Thesitecontains about40acresandthe seven
Membership
acres closest to the harbor are in jeopardy due to a proposed Post
Lois Lindberg [phone]
Office building extension. Senator Charles Schumerhas been work-
Conservation
John Turner [phone] ing to dissuade the Post Office from expanding its facilities into the
Karen Blumer [phone] forested area. Thepreferable alternative wouldbe forthemto divide
Education their operations into two locations as is done elsewhere.
Mary LauraLament [phone] New Member Milestones: LIBS has received its first new mem-
Thomas Stock [phone]
ber via the internet, its first European member (from England), and
Hospitality
Betty Lotowycz [phone] its second life member.
JaneBlanchard [phone]
Editor News of the Future
John E. Potente [phone]
July 12, 2015: A new dilemma has baffled the epidemiologists.
Membership The new “Vulgar Virus” that aggravated an ingrown toenail ofa se-
AnnualDues of$15payableto: nile ninety-seven year old was traced to a tick {Ixodes bologna) that
LongIslandBotanical Society was found in a rusty engine block of a 67 Chevy abandoned in the
Mailto:
core area ofthe Pine Barrens. Suffolk County Department ofHealth
LoisLindberg,MembershipChairperson
45 SandyHillRoad spokesperson Molly Thyon has issued a memorandum recommend-
OysterBay, New York 11771-3111 ingtheimmediatesprayingofall automobilesandATV’swithdouble
Article & News Submissions doses ofstrychnine andDDT. The County Legislaturehas called for
LongIslandBotanical Society aggressive measures including the impoundment of all cars bearing
RO. Box 5001
a Chevroletemblem. The Department ofMotorVehicles is sweating
Hauppauge, New York 11788
[email protected] this one out amid rumors that automobiles may soon be outlawed.
Page 26
Letters to the Editor Plant Sightings
Birdsfoot Violet: In the early 1980’s Bob
A note on Sweetbay Magnolia LaskowskiwashelpingconductaNYS birdcount
atMacArthurAirportandthoughttohimselfwhat
Dear Editor, May 5, 2000 a great site the lowcut, semi-arid fields would be
Iwas surprisedtolearninthelatestLIBS news- for Birdsfoot Violet {Viola pedata). “I came up
letter that Sweetbay Magnolia {Magnolia with the bright idea of spreading some seeds in
virginiana) is onLongIsland. Iwas also goingto the area,” commented Bob. “But when I took a
write that down here in Llorida it is no slender closerlook, I saw that nature beat me to it.” This
tree, butone ofthe largest - 50 feettall and easily spring. BobLaskowski andJohnPotentewentfor
2feetindiameter. ThenIheard atalkatourlocal an updated (escorted) survey and were treated to
NativePlantSocietymeetingbyMagnoliaexpert an endless display of the violet Violets through-
Dr. JohnTobewho clearedupthemysteryforme: out the 700 acres of close cropped landscape.
the trees in our area are var. australis which oc- (Something to be said for airport habitat: well-
curs south ofVirginiato Texas as opposed to var. maintained grasslands, secure, no herbicides, no
virginiana which occurs northward. According off-road vehicles, and paid for!)
to Dr. Tobe the northern variety is a small tree or Bloodroot: Ray Welch’s field trip to Caumsett
shrubwithdeciduous or“semi-evergreen” leaves. State Park in April did indeed bear a rewarding
In our county (Leon) we have the national cham- view ofBloodroot {Sanguinaria canadensis) be-
pion Sweetbaytree 13 feetcircumference, 91 feet lieved to be native.
tall. The tallest ones I’ve seen are in St. Mark’s Bluets: Barbara Conolly announced that the
NWR,
south of Tallahassee. I’d like to see the Bluets {Houstonia caerulea) were in good bloom
Long Islandones whenI comeup norththis sum- in the St. John’s Cemetery in Oyster Bay.
mer. Chestnut: After five years oflocating, identi-
Ann Johnson, Ph.D. fying,pollinating, andharvestingAmericanChest-
Llorida Natural Heritage Program nuts {Castanea dentata), John Potente was suc-
cessful in propogating the first round ofLong Is-
land genome seedlings. In early May the first of
twelveplantednuts sentupitsfirstleavesto break
Email to the Editor through the soil in Hauppauge and greet the sun.
Ground Cedar: Skip Blanchard has found an
uncommon species ofGroundCedar{Lycopodium
“The newsletter continues to be great-my favor- tristachyum) in Hither Hills State Park.
ite, except for the typos. I was horrified to read Trout Lily: John Turner spoke of a hillside of
about Les Sirkin. I had spent the winter reading Trout Lily in Whitney Pond Park in Manhasset.
his “Eastern Long Island Geology” andhadbeen
impressed with his ecological warnings.”
-Jean Held
Note:The reference to Les Sirkin is in regard to
his acceptance of money for his testimony
for developers who then desecrated the
Grandifolia Sandhills in Baiting Hollow, NY.
Scores of environmental groups from across
Long Island had been pleading to help preserve
this unique geological and ecological site on LI. American Chestnut seedling in Hauppauge
Page 27
Old Growth Forests (Continued) {Liriodendrontulipifera),andYellowBirchinGlen
Cove. A large White Oak which is over 3 feet in
Cold Spring Harbor Yellow Birch-T\ipelo For-
diameterwas incrementbored, andover300rings
est: During the summer of 1993 I located this
were counted. The Tulip Tree is believed to be
Yellow Birch-Tupelo old growth forest which is
A remnant ofthe original forest; these trees are 3 to
only about one acre in size. northern tree, Yel-
5 feet in diameter, 130 feet to 160-1- feethigh, and
low Birch, is growing with Tupelo (Nyssa
have characteristic old growth bark. The total
sylvatica), a distinctly southern tree, in an area of
stand is about 20 acres.
cold water springs on the north side of a glacial
Shu Swamp: This preserve in Mill Neck has a
morainehill. TheYellowBirchareupto25inches
very significantstandofoldgrowthTulipTreeand
in diameter. Rotting logs provide evidence to the
American Beech {Fagus grandifolia). The Tulip
age ofthe trees; some pieces have 30 to 40 rings
Trees are 3 to 5 feet in diameter, many have dead
to theinch. The oldesttree maybe 300 years old;
tops, and are 130 to 150 feet high.
the bark is very thick and has scaly plates. The total extentofthe oldgrowth at Shu Swamp
The site is on the south side ofRoute 25Ajust
is about30 acres. Nearlytheentirepreserveis old
one quarter mile west ofthe Cold Spring Harbor
growth forest, with the exception of the steep
FishHatchery. This siteisprivately owned; ithas
slopes onthewestsideofthepreserve. This slope
been examinedby the Long Island Chapter ofthe
was an American Chestnut (Castanea dentata)
Nature Conservancy and a report has been filed
dominatedforestnow succeededwithTulip Trees
with the New York Natural Heritage Program. It
about 90 to 100 years old.
should be noted that a sawmill was built in Cold
Most ofthe large Tulip Trees in Shu Swamp are
SpringHarborintheyear 1682 only onehalfmile
150 to 200 years old. Confirmation has been by
away. Sargent’s Trees of North America notes
ring counts on fallen trees with similarbark char-
Yellow Birch to be found in Cold Spring Harbor.
acteristics. The southern portion ofthe preserve,
Ridges in the Cold Spring Harbor area contain
south of the dirt road leading east-west, has the
ChestnutOaktrees (Quercusmontand) atleast200
largest and oldest Tulip Trees. The maximum di-
years old. ScatteredWhite Oaktrees may be 200
ameters are 54 inches at breast height. The larg-
to 300 years old along the Nassau-Suffolk Trail
est trees have huge branches; these trees may be
maintained by the Long Island Greenbelt Trail
300 years old.
Conference. The outward appearance ofthe for-
The Tupelo trees at Shu Swamp may be the old-
ests on the north shore hills in the Cold Spring
est trees on Long Island. The New Hampshire
Harbor area is very similar to old growth ridge
NaturalHeritageProgramlocatedaTupelo treein
topforests inthe 3,500to4,500footelevations of
the state that was about 623 years old. It is my
the Blue Ridge near Asheville, North Carolina.
belief, based on bark characteristics ofthe largest
Oak Brush Plains: There are approximately
tupelo trees in Shu Swamp, that they may be 350
600 acres of “Pine Barrens” dominated by Pitch
to 600 years old. However, thelargesttree, which
Pine inEdgewood atthe site ofan oldpsychiatric
hospitalnowdemolished. Theunderstoryis Scrub is about 30 inches in diameter, is hollow, and so
areseveralothertrees. Typically,Tupelotreeshave
Oak {Quercus ilicifolia), which in some areas is
20 to 30 rings per inch; thus a tree with 15 inches
dominantas thepinetrees are scattered. Theroot
ofwoodfromthe centertothe outerbarkcouldbe
stockoftheScrubOaksisoldgrowth, eventhough
450 years old. The largest Tupelo trees, three of
the area has repeatedly been burned.
A smallernearbyareaofabout25 acresisknown them along the west side of the trail which fol-
lows the creek upstream, have furrowed bark
as the “Bishop Tract”, as it was once owned by
the Catholic Church, and is now Suffolk County which is up to 4 inches thick. This characteristic
has led me to believe the trees are very old.
Parkland.
Also in the preserve are old growth American
Welwyn Preserve: Allan Lindberg located an
Beech, White Oak, and very old White Ash
old growth stand ofWhite Oak, Tulip Tree
{Fraxinusamericana). Iestimatedabout250rings
Page 28
on a fallen White Ash trunk; it is very unusual to Grandifolia Sandhills and Friar’s Head: I
find White Ash trees this old anywhere. Bruce visited the bluff slopes during the mid-1990’s.
Kershner, who is writing a book on old growth PygmyAmericanBeech stands arepresent, along
forest in the northeast, has said thatWelwyn Pre- withAmercianHornbeam{Ostryavirginiana), an
serveandShuSwamphavesomeofthemostspec- unusual species onLong Island. Intermixedwith
tacular forests in the eastern United States. the Beech are areas of Pitch Pine on the slopes.
Blydenburgh County Park: Along the south- ScatteredRedMaplesmaybeupto 250years old;
ern shore of the eastern portion of Stump Pond, White Oak approaches 200 years, and Black
dammed about 1798, are some very old Tupelos. Cherry 200 years, unusual for Long Island. The
The barkcharacteristics are typical oftrees about Beech and Black Birch on the slopes may be up
200 years old. Onehollow treemaybe 250 years to about 160 years. There is absence of human
old. This shoreline appearstobeuntouched since disturbance on the slopes.
the construction ofthe dam. Old Beech, Huntington Station: About three
Any areawithlargeTupelo trees mayhavetrees acres of American Beech to about 200 years are
200 years old or older. Surveys should be con- on the east side of New York Avenue, southeast
ducted along the Great South Bay, particularly in ofthe Walt Whitman Mall on private land.
theBrookhavenarea. However, Tupelomayhave Oyster Bay Mill Pond: There is an old mill
come in after removal of Atlantic White Cedar pondwestofdowntownOysterBay. Betweenthe
(Chamaecyparisthyoides) duringthecolonialera. mill pond andLake Avenue, there is afreshwater
ShiffPreserve: This forest tract was acquired wetland. The Tulip Trees lining Lake Avenue are
by Nassau County in 1992. The lowerportion of four feet diameter and 200 years old; the Red
theeasternslopesofthispreservehas asmallpond Maple andTupelo along the lake shore are 250 to
surroundedbya300yearoldWhiteOak, andhuge 300 years old. The mill pond was probably
Tulip Trees up to 4 feetin diameter and 150 high. dammed in the late 1600’s or early 1700’s.
Some of the tallest trees may be up to 180 feet Makamah Beach: Old Post Oak {Quercus
high. There is a small stand of Atlantic White stellata) are on the north shore beach. They may
Cedar along the pond. The tulip trees are 175 to be 200 years old. Thebeachhas been subdivided
200yearsoldconfirmedbyaringcountonafallen for housing; the site is only several acres.
trunk. Hogan Estate, Eaton’s Neck: Very large Tu-
FireIslandSunkenForest: Thisfamous stand lipTrees areonthis estate. Accordingto arearesi-
ofold growth American Holly (Ilexopaca) inthe dents, a cut Black Oak {Quercus velutina) was
so-calledSunkenForestistheattractionoftheFire about 191 years old. While the area may not be
island National Seashore. Also, noteworthy are trulyvirginforest, portionshavenotbeenclearcut
some very old Shadbush (Amelanchier for a very long period oftime.
canadensis) on the north shore ofFire Island. Of Caumsettt State Park, Lloyd Neck: Accord-
interest is the old growth Poison Ivy {Toxicoden- ingtohistoricalrecords, LloydNeckwascutover
dron radicans), some ofwhich may be more than by the British for firewood at the time of the
a hundred years old. American Revolution. Caumsett State Park may
Carmen’s River: The upper portion of have some of the oldest documented second
Carmen’s River in Southhaven County Park con- growth in the US. The oldest Black Oaks are up
tains some islands in the river which have very to 225 years, consistent with historical records.
old clumps of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium West Hills County Park: The northern por-
corymbosum) andRedMaple {Acerrubrum). The tionofthis countyparkhas amagnicficentAmeri-
extent ofthe area is only several acres. can Beech forest, with anumber ofvernal ponds.
SaltBox,WestNeckRoad,Huntington: Here The Beech are up to about 175 years old. The
areremnants ofa small old growth area; there are southern portion, west ofthe church, has Scarlet
5 Tulip Trees here which may be 200 years plus. Oak {Quercus coccinea) to about 200 years old
As the trees are hollow, only they know for sure! in the back hills.(Addendum p. 34)
Page 29

1
“We are fortunate to have been entrusted with a share ofthe good earth. On February 1, 2000 present generation Talmage obtained permission from the Town ofRiverhead to bulldoze the
But it is not only ofourselves that we must think, for millions ofthe earth’s people depend on the soil ofour country. native plants and rare ecosystems ofthe Grandifolia Sandhills. Stewardship ofthe land took on a new meaning.
May it never be said ofus that we have been unfaithful stewards ofthe good earth.
Be thankful that your lot has been cast in the countryside. Here, in the beauty of sky and fields and trees...” “It is certainly a pity that man so selfishly is bent on spoiling the treasures which future generations must do with-
-Nathaniel A. Talmage (The late patriarch) out; he is looking upon his temporary profits as outweighing all else.”
-M. L. Femald, 1937 (Harvard University Botanist)
Page 30 Page 3
Acorns and Andsoeachyear, inlatesummer, cametheacorn
harvest. Everyone got into the act. The strong
Long Island Indians
men went up the trees and shook the branches,
thetoddlers waddled aboutpicking up one ortwo
Paul Hunter nuts each to help. Young and old alike collected
basketfuls ofnuts, and a procession - like ants to
For us twenty-first century folks, seasons are times an anthill - streamed out of the woods into the
forplanning vacations, sprucingupthe garden orget- villages and camps depositing theirburdens onto
tingtheoilburnercleaned. Butforindigenouspeople, thegreatheapspiledhereandthere. Theless able
each season brought a new source of food, and raw pushed the piles to level them out to dry in the
materials. If we could jump into the time machine sun. Groups of women and children sat around
and zoom back into the Indians’ day, what a wonder- the drying acorns biting andpeeling thehusks off
fuleducationwe’dget. Inearlyfallwhilethewarmth the nutmeats. Old women stirred clay pots over
of summer mingled with the beginning of the color hot fires to boil offthe tannin, and families filled
change, preparations forthecomingwinterwere seri- their sacks andjars with their winter’s supply of
ouslyunderway. One ofthe mostimportanttasks lay sweet acorns to be ground into flour as needed.
at hand. Einally, whenonlythe surplus was left, they were
Above the trees, throughout the woods, even drift- packed up, shells and all and anchored beneath
ing across the bay was the haze of wood-smoke. In ponds andstreamstoletnatureleachoutthe sour-
fact, everywhere the length and breadth of Long Is- ness. By winter’s end they could be used to re-
land, asmokyhazehunginthe air. AttheIndiantown plenish the depleted harvest of season’s acorns.
of Corchaug, as well as all along the bay and at the Many a fleeing Indian and starving pioneer was
headwaters ofall the creeks along the North Fork...it elatedtodiscoveroneoftheseacorncaches. They
was the acorn season. lasted for decades under water.
Every American Indian, from toddler to antiquar- While the Indian had no way ofmeasuring the
ian-all across America, was familiar with curing nutritional content ofacorns as we do, they knew
acorns. One ofthe prime sources ofbaking flour for nonetheless of their food value. Acorns are 37%
the Indians was the acorn. Acorns were guarded so fat, just what is needed going into winter. They
carefully by Indian families that their possessiveness alsocontain 8% proteinalongwithcalcium, mag-
denies the conceptthat Indians had no idea ofprivate nesium, phosphorus, and sulphur. Seasoned with
property. Indians laid claim to oak trees, esspecially blueberries and maple syrup, acorn flour made a
islands of white oaks scattered here and there in the delicious dessert, as well as a porridge and soup
forest. One huge tree provided hundreds of pounds thickener, but especially bread. Oil was even ex-
ofsweet nutmeats to last a family all winter. But you tracted from the nuts. And there were yet other
can’t eat acorns off the tree. They are so sour, they usesforthis essentialandversatileabundantfood.
must first be boiled in a solution of wood ashes, not
once, but several times to removethe tannins. Other-
wise, they areindigestible. Ofall oaktrees, theWhite
Oakswerethepreferredsourceofacornsbecausethey
contain very little tannin and thus little preparation is
required before eating. All acorns are edible, but the
rest need considerable preparation. So for Indians to
watchwhitemenfellhugewhite oaktrees was devas-
tating. It was only wood to the white man, while it
was a staple to the Indians. Nathaniel Sylvester cut
down 1,000 acres ofWhite Oaks on Shelter Island to IlhAudreyWatsonWigley
make rumbarrels, and farmland. Needless to say, the
Acorn Selection
Indians were deeply upset.
Page 32
Acorns
Black Oak
(Quercus velutina)
Post Oak
{Quercus stellate)
White Oak
{Quercus alba)
Swamp White Oak
{Quercus bicoloi)
Scrub Oak, Bear Oak
Pin Oak
{Quercus illcifolla)
{Quercuspalustrls)
Scarlet Oak
{Quercus coccinea)
Red Oak
{Quercus rubra)
Illustrations by Walter Lincoln Graham from
III. Companion to Gleason and Cronquist’s Manual
Page 33
Addendum to ^^Old Growth Forests”
Suspected Areas of Old Growth: Tupelo for-
ests on the south shore and north shore swamps
may have trees 200 years plus. Many of these
areas are in the lands of the City of Brooklyn
whichhad watersheds on Long Islandinthe 19th
century, and in the Massapequa and Merrick ar-
eas. Muchoftheseareasarepreservedalongpark-
ways in southern Nassau county. Supposedly,
TackapashaPreserve inWantaghhas old growth,
although it does not appear that way from the
appearance of the woods. The Grace Estate in
the North Hills part oftown ofNorth Hempstead
mayhaveoldgrowthTulipforests 200yearsplus.
A Note on Some Large Trees at Inwood Hill
Park, Manhatttan, NY: One would not expect
A
original forest cover on Manhattan. small, but
extremely spectaculararea, isinInwoodHillPark
at the north end of Manhattan island. I visited
the area inApril of2000. Itis documentedthat a
Tulip Tree 168 feethigh, and six feetin diameter,
grew at the base ofthe park, next to an open ball
field, until it died in 1936 at 280 years old. That
would put the date of the tree’s birth in 1656.
Inwood Hill park still has a spectacular stand of
old Tulip Trees up to 200 years old; the largest is
about 150 feet high and about five feet in diam-
eter. Also present are very large White Oak and
Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor). These are
massive trees with trunks 3 feet in diameter and
40 to 60 feet to the first branch. I measured an
American Beech tree 38 inches in diameter in
Inwood Hill Park; there are also some very old
Sugar Maples (Acer saccharum). The forest is
very mixed; there is Northern Red Oak (Quercus
rubra). So we have a mixture of northern trees
and southern species, including a large Cucum-
ber Magnolia (Magnolia acuminata) about 30
inches in diameter. It may have been planted.
Editor’s Note: Theforestareas mentionedinthe
above article are those known to the author.
There may be additional sites on Long Island.
Ifyou know ofother possible old growth forest
settings on Long Island please contact the Long
Island Botanical Society.
Page 34