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LOKAYATA A Studiyn Ancient Indian Materialism DEBIPRASAD .C HATTOPADHYA)'A HOUSE PEOPLEP'USB LISHING LOKAYATA A STUDY IN ANCIENT INDIAN MATERIALISM DEBIPRASADC HATTOPADHYAYA PEOPLE'SP UBLISHINHGO USE FirsPtu blishe1d9:5 9 Second EdiJtainouna:r 1y9 68 ThirEdd itioDne:c embe1r9 73 Fourth EdiDteicoenm:b e1r9 78 Fifth Edition: 1N9o8v1e mber Sixth Edition1:9 8A5p ril SeventEhd itioAnp:r i1l9 92 © PEOPLPEU'BSL ISHHOIUNS(GEP L )T D. No parotf t hibso okm ayb er eproducienad n yf ormw ithout permissiinow nr itifnrgo mt hep ublisheexrcse,pb tyr eviewer who mayq uotber iepfa ssaigne revietwob ep rintienda a magazinoern ewspaper. PricRes:.1 20.00 ISBN8 1-7007-006-6 PrintbeydP .PC_. J oshaitt heN ewA geP rintPirnegs Rsa,n Jih anRsoia d, New Delhi-110a0n5dp5 u,b lisbhyeh di mf orP eopleP'usb lishHionugs e PrivaLtted .R,a niJ hanRsoia dN,e wD elhi-110055 PREFACETO THE F-IRESDTI TION Butf otrh een com·agaenmdae cntti veo fSh herPlirp a santa KumaSra nyIca olu nlodt hsatvaert thweeod r akta laln d with outth c&o operoafmt yiy oounn tge acShherHria riSdiansh aray, Lectmi·nSe arn skrRiatan,hg aCto lleI gceo,u lnde vehra ve finisihteI.dti si ndeiemdp osfsoirb lteob ee xplaibcotiu t me theex teonfmt y g ratittoSu hdreSi ih anrawyh:e reIvh earv e deviaftreotdmh set andtarradn sloaftt hiaeon ncsi teenxtIt s havseu bstan-toifatleelxnyc lus-idveepleyn udpeodhn i s renderCihnagpsVt.Ie IroI f t hbioso iknp artiecmubloadsrio e s mucohf h ipsa tileanbtot uhraI t a mi nclitnole odo ukp on ita sa joipnrto duIcnt . addhieth iaogsno ,nt eh rotuhgeh entmiarneu scalndi gpitv meeni nnumesruagbglees tions. Int hmea ttoefer d ittihnmega nursicapntsd e eiittnh gr ough the ptrheems oss,at r duotuassh ka sh,o wevbeeren,t haotfS hri T.K .N .M enoIn a.m a lsgor atteofm uyol t hferri einntd hse PeopPlueb'lsi shiD.wgh ohH aovpueas tei ecnotolpye rwiatthe d inm anwya ys, me To ShrMia nnidrKai shoCrhea kravoaftr hteJy a davput U11ivIeo rwseai n tuym boefcr r ucsiuaglg esTthieio nntse.r pre tatiooftn h weo rvd- raaatswy eal alst hpeo isbslien dicoaft ion thper ehyi osftt ohVree disca criafissc uegsg ebsytt ehwdeo rd yajamwaenroaer igipnoailnoltuyet dm etb oyS hrCih akravarty. SimilSahrrClihy i traSbehna,nt uh oAefs iaStcoieict yB,e ngal, dremwy a ttenttoti hopeno ssiobfii nltietryp suraedthayyianmg adva�o1'fta hjCeah (m doyga Upanishaasdm eani'nrge nounced thVee dsitcu diSehsrR'ia. m akrMiasihtnhare al pmeewd i tah considneurmabbelorefa nthropodlaotgwaih ciacIlh have nsebde;s ihdeeh saps,r epatrhGeeed n eralf otIrhn pedr eexs ent volume. �Jyi ndebtteodtn weoos fms y i ntifmraiteeSn hdrSsiu, b hash \IukhopaadnhdSy hraiyM ao hiSte ni,sp eculpiem:rlvya sive; apafrrto cmo ncrheetloepn m anayn i mpormtaatnttee vre,n rambltianlwgki stt hh ehma voep enfeodmr e q uarorfin ees\ \' vi LOKAYATA ideaTso. S hriR adharamMaint rIao wet hem astergluyi dance onm anyf undamenptoailn ts. To my wifAel okIaa m indebtfeodrh erp atiecnoto peration andv etmyu ch elsbee sides. Iti sr egretttheaddt i acritmiacraklcs o ulndo tb e usedi n the textT.h erhea d,h owevebre,e onc casiwohnesn t hee xact pronunciaotfia o Sna nskwroirtd p rovevdi ttaolt hea rgument, e.gi.ti, s a rguetdh atth ew ord" vra·t wyaas d erivferdo mt he word' vrartaat'h tehra n' vratWah'e.r et hed ifferebnectew een 'aa'n d· �h··a sr eayl mlatter'eada,i s'u sedt oi ndictahteel atter, e..,g in' vraa(tv ar'a ta')K,a pil(aK aa·p ila')b,h aag(ab'h aga), "varnaka;t' (v arnakeat)c,e. t c. Italicsu niforumsleyd t oi ndicSaatnes karnidtP alwio rds are othetrh anp ropenra mes. Abbreviatuisoendis n t hef oot-noatreese xplainin edt he Bibliography. 0EB£PRASCHAADTT OPADHYAYA PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION It is gratifyitnog s eeo ne'sb ook goingi not a third editioTnh.e opportuniittg yi vemse to add a briepfr eface shoulfidr sotf a llb e utilibsye dm e toth ankt hosfer ienind s theP eopleP'usb lishiHnogu se,w hosec ontinueeffdo rkte eps theb ooki n circulatTihoen .o nlyt roubliest hatI cannot perhaptsh ankt heme noughF.o rl ookinagf tetrh ep roduction oft hep reseendti tioIn a,m particultahralnyk ftuolm y young frienSdr iS ubodhR ay,w ho hasu ndertaktehnem aint rouble involved. The presenetd itiolni,k teh ep reviouosn e,i s actualal y photo-offrseeptr oductoifot nh efi rsetd itioofnt heb ookT.h'i s procehsesl sp botht hep ublisahnedrt hea uthotro a voiad good dealo fb otheratIitosln i.m itathioowne,v eri,st haitt d oesn ot allowm uch scopfeo rr evis.i oInn 1973o,n en aturafleleyl s likaem endinagn da lterian lgo to fw hato new rotseo met ime befor1e9 59w,h,en t heb ookfi rsatp pearedf.e ltIth es amei n 1967w,he nt herwea st hep roposfaolri tsse conedd itioBnu.t , thenI, didn ott ryt hisf.o rI coulsde et hatth en ewm ateria] I wantetdo a dda ndt hew ayi nw hichI wantetdo r eformulate my argumenctasl lefdo rs om ucho fc hangteh aitt w asp refer ablyd onei nt hef ormo fa separabtoeo ka ltogethIenr t.h e prefatcoet hes econedd itioIn a,c tualplryo misesdu cha book tot her eaderssu,g gestfionrgi tt het itlFeu rtheSrt udieisn IndiaMna terialiWshma.t I thenc ompletemliys calculwaatse d aboutt het imei tw ouldt aket o completteh em anuscripTt . thoughtth atsi ncteh em aina rgumenwtesr ecl eart om y mind and sincteh em ateriraelq uirteods ubstanttihaetsewe a so n thew holea lreacdoym pield, thea ctuaplr ocesosf w orkinogu t theb ookw ouldn otto takea greadte alo ft ime.O nlyw henI actualsltya rtwerdi tidnigd l realihsoew veryw rongI was. Therea rem ainltyw or easotnhsa mta ket hep rocemsusc hm ore viii LOKAYATA time consumintgh ano riginatlhloyu ghotf .F irstliytn, e eds alstoh ew orko fc lear'iunpga hugeh eapo fi ntellecdteubarli s thath as accumulatientd h en ameo ft hec ontemporianrtye r pietatioofn theI ndiapnh ilosophtircaadli tiEovne.n fort he purposoef a ssertsionmg· ething iwshp iaclhp abrliyg hitn f ront ofy ourn osey,o uh aveo ftetno a rguaet l engtahg ainasltsl o rts of baseleasnsd misleandoitnigon sa boutI ndiapnh ilosophy, becausteh eshea ves omehowo r otherb ecom·et he floating mentaplo ssessniootno nlyo ft hea verageed ucatIendd ian but alsoo fth osew hoh aveo therwias seu rpristienxgt ukanlo wledge oft hes ubjecWti.t houctl eariunpg th esem isconceptiaonnys , statemehnotw,e vesri mple, about what phtihleo sIonpdhiiacna l traditaicotnu alilsyr uns ther isokf b einrge adirleyj ectaesd somef ormo fm otivatdeids tortoifoi nt S.e condltyh,em oreI trietdo w orko utt hem ateriatlriasdti tiinoI nn diapnh iloso·p hy them orec leardliyd I seet hatth icso ulndo tb ed onew ithout somea ccounotf itsa ntitheisniI sn diapnh ilosopohrym ,o re specificalltyh,e t roafd itoifo nt hew orld-denying iIfd ealism. thehi stoorfyI ndipahni losopmheya ntth eh istoorfya more orl escso .t?tinupohuisl osophaicctailv isttyr etcohveedr a period of aboutt wot housanadn dfi veh undr<Kly ears-i.fer.o mt he Upani�adwsh,i cha rep lacerdo ughliyn t hes eventohr e ighth -centurBy. c,. to thel asgtr earte presentaotfi Ivned ialno gic anda tomisnma, melGya dadharwah,o wrothei s booksi nt he seventeecnetnht urAy. D.-ihta d throughobuete nt heh istory oft hes truggsloem,e Hmessu bduesdo,m etism aecuteb,e tween thestew ob asitcr endisn itB.e sidewsi,t ht hisb asisct ruggle wasr elatead numbero f co11aterpahli losophpiocsailt ions. Thus,j ustas them ateriatlriesntwd a s alwaycso mmittetdo secularirsamt,i onalainsdm science-orientthaet iidoena,l 'i st trenhda df ori tsm ainc orrespondmeynstst icoibssmc,ur antism ands cripture-orieFnrtoamtt hieop no.i notf v iewo ft hibsa sic strug�tlhee,p ictutrhea ts eemst oe mer_ofgt eh eI ndiapnh ilo sophictarla dithiaso na greadte alo fs ignificafnocrue n derstand ingt heb asiicd eologisctamlg glset igloli nogn . Butt hea ctuawlo rko ft here construcotfti hoinps � ctuirse nota n easyo ne.I cano nlyr eportto m y readetrhsa tI did _persevoenr teh ew orkd urintgh el asste veryaela rasn dt hat PREFACET O THE THIRDE DITION ix Ia m now att hel asstt agoef b rushiunpg i tmsa nuscriIp atm. gointgo h and ovtehsri m anuscrtiopm ty frienadtst heP eople's PublishHionugs ei na feww eekst'i met,h ougwhi tha different titlnee cessitbayt tehde c hangien t hep lant hatto okp lacien thec oursoef w ritiIna gm gointgo c alilt W hatI sL ivinagn d WhatI sD eadi nI ndiaPnh ilosophy. Calcutta 15N ovember1 973 DEBIPRASACDH ATTOPADHYAYA JNTRODUCTION . 'Thien terpretoafat lialon nc iesnyts termesq uirae cso nstructive efforts,a'iK dr ishnachaBnhdartat achairnyhy iasP1 r �fatcoet he StudiinSe asn khPyhai losAogpaihniy,n. t roduchiinsSg t udies in eVd anthiess ami,tdh atth ewye re' nosto m uche xpositoifo ns thet raditiVoendaaln taasp roblemactoincs trucotniV oendsa n ticl ineisn tendteodb rinof!u tt her elatioofn tsh es vstem to modernp hilosophsiytcseamls' .2 Hism ethodh asa c�ordingly beenc haracteraiss qeodn struicnttievrep reantdat htiiasos n, contraswtietdeh x positiinto hneo rdinasreyn s'eI:it s an exten sioonr d evelopmiennnt e w directioofn sso mef undamental teneotfst hes eversaclh oolIsti. s�d, e velopmneontit n t hes ense ofn ecessaamrpyl ificatoifow.nh sa ti sp otenttihaelr eiint:i s rathtehre d iscovoefrn ye wp otentr;..-�a alniid:ts ii net �hast ena se geuninaed dititootn h ee xistcionrgp uosft hep hilosyo.op fht he relevasncth ools.'3 Obviously eintoi sun gohtf, m ·e verybotdofy o lloswu cha methoedff ectiveIltdy e.m andas g readte aolf s peculabtriivle ]iarrcaen di tp erhaaplss eon tatihlesr isokfr eadimnogd ercno n ceptwsh eret heyd o nota ctualelxyi stW.h at intereusst,s howeveirs,t hea dmissiboyno neo fo ur� minenptr ofessoofr s philosophye ltehmaetno tfss uchc onstructtihoonu-gohb vi.- ouslnyo ti nt hes ames pectacsuelnas-re a rer ealulnya voidable fora nys tudoyf t hea ncient philossyospthe'imIc:'ta \ l' do·ub le unfatiors uggetshta tth iiss n othibnugt " subjectiivnit shme" spheroefi nterpretaFtoirto hnes. o -cal"loebdj ectiinvtee"r pre tatiiosna sm uch" subjectiinvt eh'i'ss e nsaes "constructive'' interpretaTthieom ni.n dt haitn terpirsen tosta. tahuraslaa; Jleithiesri tj usat c alculamtaicnhgi noer a n electrobnriaci n. Thei nterpriesat etrh inkibnegi nagn da ss tichhew ilhla vet o ·i nterpwriettha mindh avinag s ysteomf b elieafnsd f rom a standpowihnitc hhe h appentsoo ccupaytt het imoef h isi nter pretataicvtei viStuyb.j ectiivnti hsimss e nsies i nevitaibnla el l 1S P 127. lb.1 . al b.p refx.i -xii. 2