logistics ret3 pbk aw:Layout 1 26/5/09 11:20 Page 1 3RD EDITION “Extremely valuable material for any student of retail logistics… well-written 3RD EDITION and relevant… a worthwhile acquisition.” International Journal of Logistics L LOGISTICS O The supply of products into retail outlets was originally controlled by manufacturers, G but now retailers recognize the need to have more involvement in supply chains. As I they take more control, significant efforts have been made to reorganize and S reprioritize activities in transporting products from production to consumption. & RETAIL T Emphasis is now on minimizing time to market, maximizing on-shelf availability, I continuously replenishing stock and utilizing technology to transform the retail C supply chain. S MANAGEMENT Notwithstanding the major strides made, numerous challenges remain, and new & issues are constantly emerging. This book brings together well-known academics who share their research, ideas and experience of current wisdom on supply-chain R management in retail to include the very latest thinking and research essential to E retail logistics. Now in its third edition, it includes contributions on: T Emerging issues and new challenges A (cid:129) relationships in the supply chain; I in the retail supply chain (cid:129) logistics in the fashion industry; L (cid:129) temperature-controlled supply chains; (cid:129) on-shelf availability; M (cid:129) e-tail logistics; A (cid:129) RFID; (cid:129) green logistics. N A Logistics and Retail Managementis essential reading for retail and logistics managers, academics, students and consultants. G E John Fernieis Professor of Retail Marketing at Heriot-Watt University. He is a M Fellow of the Institute of Logistics and Transport and a member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing. Leigh Sparksis Professor of Retail Studies at the Institute for E Retail Studies, University of Stirling. He is a member of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport and Chair of the Academy of Marketing Research N Committee. T £35.00 & ISIBSNB:N 997788--00--7744949U-454-S50 74$-04775-.400 LEIGH SJOHN FEEDITED PARN BY RKIE Kogan Page Kogan Page US S 120 Pentonville Road 525 South 4th Street, #241 EDITED BY London N1 9JN Philadelphia PA 19147 9 780749 454074 United Kingdom USA JOHN FERNIE & LEIGH SPARKS www.koganpage.com Transport and logistics i LOGISTICS & RETAIL MANAGEMENT Emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain 3RD EDITION EDITED BY JOHN FERNIE & LEIGH SPARKS London and Philadelphia ii Publisher’s note Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publishers and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused. No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or any of the authors. First published in Great Britain and the United States in 1999 by Kogan Page Limited Second edition published in 2004 Third edition published in 2009 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licences issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned addresses: 120 Pentonville Road 525 South 4th Street, #241 London N1 9JN Philadelphia PA 19147 United Kingdom USA www.koganpage.com © John Fernie, Leigh Sparks and individual contributors, 1999, 2004, 2009 The rights of John Fernie, Leigh Sparks and the individual contributors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISBN 978 0 7494 5407 4 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Logistics and retail management : emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain / John Fernie and Leigh Sparks. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-7494-5407-4 1. Business logistics. 2. Retail trade--Management. I. Fernie, John, 1948- II. Sparks, Leigh. HD38.5.L614 2009 658.5--dc22 2008049601 Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt Ltd iii Contents Contributors vi Preface xi PART 1 CONCEPTS IN RETAIL LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT 1 Retail logistics: changes and challenges 3 John Fernie and Leigh Sparks The logistics task 5; Retail logistics and supply chain transformation 9; Supply chain management 11; The grocery retail supply chain in the United Kingdom 20; Supply chain challenges 25; Conclusions 32 2 Relationships in the supply chain 38 John Fernie Introduction 38; Changing buyer–seller relationships 38; Quick Response 43; Efficient Consumer Response 47; The role of logistics service providers 55; Conclusions 58 3 The internationalization of the retail supply chain 63 John Fernie International sourcing 64; Differences in distribution ‘culture’ in international markets 70; The internationalization of logistics practices 74 iv ❚ Contents PART 2 NON-FOOD (FASHION) LOGISTICS 4 Market orientation and supply chain management in the fashion industry 83 Nobukaza J Azuma, John Fernie and Toshikazu Higashi Introduction 83; Market orientation approach and supply chain management – a focal point 84; Market orientation approach and supply chain management – the reality 90; The role of imitation and innovation in the fashion business 92; Conclusion and the research agenda for future studies 96 5. Fashion logistics and quick response 102 Martin Christopher, Bob Lowson and Helen Peck Managing the fashion logistics pipeline 103; The lead-time gap 106; Quick response strategies 109; Global sourcing and QR 112; The importance of agility 117; Conclusion 119 6 Agile merchandizing in the European textile fashion industry 121 Neil Towers and Johanna Bergvall-Forsberg Introduction 121; Global sourcing challenges 123; Fashion merchandizing 124; The agile supply network 127; Agile merchandizing 129; Future developments 137 PART 3 FOOD LOGISTICS 7 Tesco’s supply chain management 143 David Smith and Leigh Sparks Introduction 143; The changing Tesco supply chain: establishing control and delivering efficiency 146; The current network 156; Other initiatives: the environment 165; Conclusions and lessons 167 8 Temperature controlled supply chains 172 David Smith and Leigh Sparks Introduction 172; What is a temperature controlled supply chain? 173; The importance of temperature controlled supply chains 174; Changes in temperature controlled supply chains 177; Issues in temperature controlled supply chains 183; Future developments and constraints 186 Contents ❚ v 9 On-shelf availability in UK grocery retailing: a case study 189 John Fernie and David B Grant Introduction 189; Literature background 190; Methodology 194; Findings 197; Conclusions 201 PART 4 EMERGING ISSUES: TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL LOGISTICS 10 The development of e-tail logistics 207 John Fernie and Alan McKinnon Introduction 207; The growth of e-commerce 208; The grocery market 215; The logistical challenges 218; Definition of the home delivery channel 219; Environmental impact of online retail logistics 228; Conclusions 229 11 RFID: transforming technology? 233 Leigh Sparks RFID: initial hype and reality 234; RFID: more measured consideration? 247; Conclusions 248 12 The greening of retail logistics 253 Alan McKinnon and Julia Edwards Introduction 253; Environmental effects of retail logistics 254; Framework for analysing the environmental impact of retail deliveries 255; Managing waste within the retail supply chain 266; Topical issues 267; Conclusions 270 Afterword 274 John Fernie and Leigh Sparks Index 279 vi Contributors Nobu Azumais Associate Professor in Marketing and Distribution Studies at the School of Business, Aoyama Gakuin University in Tokyo. He is also engaged in a variety of research activities at the School of Management and Languages, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, on a part-time basis. His current research interests cover fashion, culture, and consumption, industrial/commercial agglomeration, market orientation and supply chain management in the fashion industry. He emphasizes the impor- tance of the ‘soft variables’ in management studies by employing an inter- disciplinary research approach. Johanna Bergvall-Forsberg is Lecturer in Supply Chain Management in the School of Materials at the University of Manchester. Since 2003 she has been involved in research investigating strategic agile merchan- dizing as a route to competitiveness for the European textile sector. She has published in internationally rated journals and has also authored a number of sector policy reports for the European Social Fund sponsored Textiles Advanced Skills (TASk) Equal project. She is a member of the Institute of Operations Management and has been invited to teach at the College of International Education, Zhongyuan University of Technology, China. Martin Christopher is Professor of Marketing and Logistics at Cranfield School of Management. He has published widely and his recent books include Logistics and Supply Chain Management and Marketing Logistics. Martin Christopher was the founding co-editor of the International Journal of Logistics Management. He is a regular contributor to conferences Contributors ❚ vii and workshops around the world. At Cranfield, he chairs the Centre for Logistics and Supply Chain Management, the largest activity of its type in Europe. In addition to leading a number of ongoing research projects in logistics and supply chain management, he is active as an adviser to many organizations. Martin Christopher is an Emeritus Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport on whose Council he sits. He is also a Fellow and Foundation Professor of the Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply and a Fellow of the Chartered Institute of Marketing. In 1988 he was awarded the Sir Robert Lawrence Gold Medal for his contribution to logistics education, in 1997 he was given the US Council of Logistics Management’s Foundation Award and in 2005 he received the Distinguished Service Award from the US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (This is North America’s highest accolade for work in the area of supply chain management and was the first time it has been given to anyone outside North America.) In 2007 he was appointed a Foundation Professor of the UK Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply. Dr Julia Edwardsis a Research Associate at the Logistics Research Centre in the School of Management and Languages at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. She joined Heriot-Watt in 2006, as part of the multi-university ‘Green Logistics’ project. Prior to that, she was a Senior Lecturer of Environmental Management at the University of Wales, Newport. Dr Edwards has been researching and teaching in the areas of transport and environmental issues for the last 15 years. Currently, her research interests include carbon auditing of supply chains, e-commerce and the environment, and consumer travel and shopping behaviour. John Fernie is Professor of Retail Marketing at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. He has written and contributed to numerous textbooks and papers on retail management, especially in the field of retail logistics and the internationalization of retail formats. He is editor of the International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, published by Emerald, and received the prestigious award of Editor of the Year in 1997 in addition to Leading Editor awards in 1994, 1998 and 2000. He is on the editorial boards of the Journal of Product and Brand Management, and the International Journal of Logistics Management, both published by Emerald. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Logistics and Transport and an active member of the Chartered Institute of Marketing in the United Kingdom. He has also held office in the American Collegiate Retail Association. In 2001 he became a member of the Logistics Directors Forum, a group of leading professionals in supply chain management and logistics in the United Kingdom. viii ❚ Contributors David B Grantis Professor in Logistics and Deputy Academic Director at the University of Hull Logistics Institute and an Adjunct Faculty member at Mannheim Business School in Germany. Prior to joining Hull, he was Senior Lecturer and Deputy Director of the Logistics Research Centre at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh. David’s doctoral thesis investigated customer service, satisfaction and service quality in UK food processing logistics and received the James Cooper Memorial Cup PhD Award from the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (UK) in 2003. David has published over 70 papers in various refereed journals, books and conference proceedings and is on the editorial board of the International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management and Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal. David is a member of the US Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, the UK Logistics Research Network, and the NOFOMA Nordic logistics research group. Tomakazu Higashiis Associate Professor of Marketing at the University of Marketing and Distribution Sciences (UMDS), Kobe, Japan. Prior to joining UMDS, he completed Master’s and Doctoral Courses at the Graduate School of Commerce, Keio University, Tokyo. He specializes in general marketing studies. His ongoing research projects tackle the issues of strategic marketing and relationship marketing. He places a particular focus on the salience of entrepreneurship and ‘intrepreneurship’ in directing a firm’s customer orientation strategies. The late Robert Lowson was the Professor of Operations and Supply Chain Management and Director of the Strategic Operations Management Centre (SOMC) at the Norwich Business School. Professor Lowson received his PhD from Cardiff Business School, for work examining the flexibility and responsiveness of retailers and manufacturers in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector. His research interests encompassed the supply chain and operations strategies; supply chain management; supply pipeline linkages between retailers and their suppliers; the use of agility for respon- siveness and flexibility (Quick Response) in the modern commercial organi- zation; the role and agility of the Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) in modern economies; and complex adaptive systems, non-linear dynamics, organizational ecology and their implications for organizational theory. Alan McKinnonis Professor and Director of the Logistics Research Centre in the School of Management and Languages at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. Alan has been researching and teaching in the field of logistics for 30 years and has published widely on the subject. He has been an adviser to several UK government departments and consultant to numerous public Contributors ❚ ix and private sector organizations on a variety of logistics and transport issues. In 2000–2001 he was chairman of the UK government’s Retail Logistics Task Force. He has recently been advising government committees, trade associations and companies on the ‘decarbonization’ of logistics operations and is involved in a large multi-university research project on ‘green logistics’. Alan is a fellow of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, founder member of its Logistics Research Network and recipient of it highest distinction, the Sir Robert Lawrence Award. DrHelen Peckis Senior Lecturer in Commercial and Supply Chain Risk at Cranfield University. She joined Cranfield in 1983 from a major UK retail bank, working initially with the School’s Library and Information Services and Management Development Unit, before taking up a research post within the Marketing and Logistics Group, where she completed her PhD. Helen has led Cranfield University’s ground- breaking government-funded research programme into all aspects of supply chain related risk and resilience since its inception. She teaches corporate and supply chain risk on graduate programmes and short courses at Cranfield University and guest lectures at other leading univer- sities in the United Kingdom and Europe. Her research-based teaching brings together themes of risk, resilience and complex systems theory with practical management disciplines such as supply chain management and business continuity. Her work contributes directly to the devel- opment of UK national emergency planning policy as well as management practice. Helen’s research and consultancy interests span mainstream commercial, defence and other public service contexts. She is a regular speaker at academic, business and defence conferences around the world. Her published work includes papers and journal articles, joint editor- and authorship of several books, with contributions to many others. She is also an award-winning writer of management case studies. Dr David Smithwas Head of Primary Distribution at Tesco. After working in other sectors of high street retail distribution he joined Tesco in 1984 in the distribution division and worked in the fast moving food consumer and temperature controlled distribution networks in both secondary and primary distribution. In 1993 he completed an MBA at Stirling University with a dissertation on ‘Integrated supply chain management: the case of fresh produce in Tesco’. Since 1998 he has been an independent consultant in retail supply chain logistics. In 1998 he was seconded to the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions best-practice programme on freight distribution and logistics, and worked with several cross-industry working groups for road, rail and packaging. A Fellow of the Institute of Logistics and Transport, he has written articles, given