Logic, Language, and Computation: 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009, Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009. Revised Selected Papers PDF
Preview Logic, Language, and Computation: 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009, Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009. Revised Selected Papers
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 6618 EditedbyR.Goebel,J.Siekmann,andW.Wahlster Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science FoLLI Publications on Logic, Language and Information Editors-in-Chief LuigiaCarlucciAiello,UniversityofRome"LaSapienza",Italy MichaelMoortgat,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands MaartendeRijke,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands EditorialBoard CarlosAreces,INRIALorraine,France NicholasAsher,UniversityofTexasatAustin,TX,USA JohanvanBenthem,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands RaffaellaBernardi,FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Italy AntalvandenBosch,TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands PaulBuitelaar,DFKI,Saarbrücken,Germany DiegoCalvanese,FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Italy AnnCopestake,UniversityofCambridge,UnitedKingdom RobertDale,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,Australia LuisFariñas,IRIT,Toulouse,France ClaireGardent,INRIALorraine,France RajeevGoré,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia ReinerHähnle,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Göteborg,Sweden WilfridHodges,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UnitedKingdom CarstenLutz,DresdenUniversityofTechnology,Germany ChristopherManning,StanfordUniversity,CA,USA ValeriadePaiva,PaloAltoResearchCenter,CA,USA MarthaPalmer,UniversityofPennsylvania,PA,USA AlbertoPolicriti,UniversityofUdine,Italy JamesRogers,EarlhamCollege,Richmond,IN,USA FrancescaRossi,UniversityofPadua,Italy YdeVenema,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands BonnieWebber,UniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UnitedKingdom IanH.Witten,UniversityofWaikato,NewZealand Nick Bezhanishvili Sebastian Löbner Kerstin Schwabe Luca Spada (Eds.) Logic, Language, and Computation 8th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2009 Bakuriani, Georgia, September 21-25, 2009 Revised Selected Papers 1 3 SeriesEditors RandyGoebel,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada JörgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany WolfgangWahlster,DFKIandUniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany VolumeEditors NickBezhanishvili ImperialCollegeLondon,UK E-mail:[email protected] SebastianLöbner Heinrich-Heine-University,Düsseldorf,Germany E-mail:[email protected] KerstinSchwabe ZentrumfürAllgemeineSprachwissenschaft,Berlin,Germany E-mail:[email protected] LucaSpada DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofSalerno-Fisciano(SA),Italy E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-642-22302-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-22303-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-22303-7 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011930655 CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2,F.4.1 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface This volume contains a selection of papers presented at the 8th International TbilisiSymposiumonLogic,LanguageandComputationheldinBakurianidur- ingSeptember21–25,2009.ThesymposiumwasjointlyorganizedbytheCentre for Language, Logic and Speech (CLLS) of Tbilisi State University, Georgian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam. As follows from the title, this con- ference series is centered around the interaction between logic, language and computation. While the conference is open to contributions from any of these three fields, it also aims to promote close cross-fertilizationbetween these areas and encourages researchon their interface. The Tbilisi Symposium series is renowned for its mix of a nice, friendly and informal social atmosphere and very high professional standards, in particular for the high quality of the tutorials as well as invited and contributed talks given at the conference. The 8th Tbilisi Symposium was no exception to this rule.Itwasheldinthe beautiful mountainousresortofBakurianilocatedinthe central part of Georgia. The excellent local organization made the conference an unforgettable experience for all of its participants. On the professional side, there were three tutorials given in each of the three major disciplines of the conference. Each of these tutorials was aimed at the (local) students attending the conference as well as the researchers working in the other areas. The logic tutorial given by Mai Gehrke (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen) was centered around duality and the theory of canonical extensions for distributive lattice expansions. A tutorial on computation was given by Carlos Areces (LORIA, INRIANancy).Itdiscusseddifferentcomputationalaspectsofmodal-likelogics. The linguistics tutorial was presented by Pauline Jacobson(Brown University). It concentrated on the compositionality of natural language semantics. Special attentionwaspaidtotheanalysisofquantifiedNPsandcoordinatedexpressions, and the interaction between them. There were also six invited talks: two on logic by Achim Jung (University of Birmingham) and Norbert Preining (Vienna University of Technology), two on language by Pauline Jacobson (Brown University) and Sebastian Lo¨bner (Heinrich-Heine-Universit¨at, Du¨sseldorf), and two on computation by Carlos Areces(LORIA,INRIANancy)andFransGroen(UniversiteitvanAmsterdam). Fullpapersofmanyofthecontributedtalksgivenattheconferencecanbefound in this volume. The conference was also special for yet another reason. It was dedicated to the75thbirthdayofLeoEsakiaandthe70thbirthdayofDickdeJongh.Aswell as being outstanding researchers, Leo Esakia and Dick de Jongh were among the originators of the Tbilisi Symposium series. They also had many common research interests, which is why it was decided to organize a special workshop VI Preface during the conference dedicated to Leo’s and Dick’s work. Talks at this work- shop were centered around their contributions to intuitionistic and provability logicandthecurrentstateofartinthesefields.Thepresentationsweregivenby Lev Beklemishev (Steklov MathematicalInstitute, Moscow),Nick Bezhanishvili (ImperialCollegeLondon),DavidGabelaia(RazmadzeMathematicalInstitute), Mai Gehrke (Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen), Mamuka Jibladze (Razmadze Mathematical Institute) and Dimitri Pataraia (Razmadze Mathematical Insti- tute). Unfortunately, this workshop was one of the last to be attended by Leo Esakia. In November 2010 the sad news of his passing shook the logic commu- nity around the world. Esakia’s papers in this volume turned out to be his last contributions. This preface is followed by a note written by Dick de Jongh in commemoration of Leo Esakia — a great logician and an extraordinaryperson. Wewouldliketoexpressoursinceregratitudetoalltheanonymousreviewers for their high-quality input in preparation of this volume. Special thanks go to Johan van Benthem, Ulle Endriss, Frans Groen, Ingrid van Loon, Peter van Ormondt, and Anne Troelstra for their support in obtaining funding for the conference. January 2011 Nick Bezhanishvili Sebastian L¨obner Kerstin Schwabe Luca Spada Organization The 8thInternationalTbilisi Symposium onLanguage,Logic andComputation washeldinBakuriani,Georgia,September21–25,2009andwasorganizedbythe CentreforLanguage,LogicandSpeechattheTbilisiStateUniversity,Georgian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation of the University of Amsterdam. Organizing Committee Local Organization Rusiko Asatiani Anna Chutkerashvili Paul Dekker (Chair) Marina Ivanishvili David Gabelaia Nino Javashvili Peter van Ormondt Liana Lortkipanidze Khimur Rukhaia Program Committee Barbara Partee (Chair) Tamaz Gamkrelidze (Chair) R. Ramanujam (Co-chair computation) Temur Kutsia (Co-chair computation) Peter Bosch (Co-chair language) George Chikoidze (Co-chair language) Mattias Baaz (Co-chair logic) Guram Bezhanishvili (Co-chair logic) Nick Bezhanishvili Nani Chanishvili Leo Esakia Dick de Jongh Carl Vogel Henk Zeevat Tutorials Carlos Areces LORIA, INRIA Nancy, France Mai Gehrke Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Pauline Jacobson Brown University, USA Invited Speakers Carlos Areces LORIA, INRIA Nancy, France Frans Groen Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands VIII Organization Pauline Jacobson Brown University, USA Achim Jung University of Birmingham, UK Sebastian L¨obner Heinrich-Heine-Universita¨t, Du¨sseldorf, Germany Norbert Preining Vienna University of Technology, Austria Workshop Dedicated to the Birthdays of Leo Esakia and Dick de Jongh Lev Beklemishev Steklov Mathematical Institute, Moscow, Russia Nick Bezhanishvili Imperial College London, UK David Gabelaia Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia Mai Gehrke Radboud Universiteit, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Mamuka Jibladze Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia Dimitri Pataraia Razmadze Mathematical Institute, Georgia Leo Esakia (1934–2010) ItwassadandalmostincredibletohearonNovember17,2010,thatLeoEsakia had passed away that day, and that the 8th Tbilisi Symposium that was held inhis honorwasto be his last.Forall the people who knew him this came as a great shock. This was espe- cially so for the researchcommunity workingon alge- braic,topological,and categoricalmethods in logic of which he can be considered a founder. Of course, for many years it was clear that his health was not the best,butitseemedoverthelastfewyearsthathehad overcome a low point and was in the middle of a new creativeperiod.For regularparticipantsofthe Tbilisi Symposia it is very difficult to imagine him no longer being a part of the next one. In two respects he stood out: in the mathematical – logical results that he obtained as a researcher,and in the group of researchers that he brought up as a teacher. By being both a great researcher and a great teacher he succeeded in building his algebraic – topological research community in the world at large. For a considerable part this happened in the weekly seminars he always gave, in which teaching and researchwereinextricablyfusedandinwhichhewasabletoinstillhisknowledge and love of the field into around20 high-levelstudents among which were Slava Meskhi, Revaz Grigolia, Merab Abashidze, Mamuka Jibladze, Dito Pataraia, Gogi Japaridze, Guram and Nick Bezhanishvili and David Gabelaia. By him being the continuous driving force in these seminars, and by always standing up for his students, through long and often very harsh periods, he succeeded in creating a Georgian school of logic that has survived and is flourishing when mathematicallogichasdwindledatmanyotherplaces.Hewasalsotheconstant factor on the logical side in the bi-annual Tbilisi Symposia on Language, Logic and Computation. This helped the logical community in Georgia to remain in contact with the international logical community, and for some of its members to find positions elsewhere to continue their work in Esakia’s researcharea and spread his ideas. The 8th Tbilisi Symposium was dedicated to Leo Esakiaand me, and one of itsworkshopsinitwasdedicatedtoourwork.Ifeltveryhonoredbecauseofthat, becauseofmygreatadmirationforLeo’swork,andbecauseitwashappeningin Georgia.Therewereanumberofreasonsthatthis wasconsideredfitting.Itwas notonlytheclosenessofourrespective75thand70thbirthdaystothedateofthe conference, the fact that I have been present at many of the Tbilisi Symposia as well, and both of us had been involved in its organization. Also, our work often concerned the same logics: intuitionistic logic and provability logic, and we actually had two common students, Nick Arevadze and Nick Bezhanishvili, X Organization while both of us had, of course, communications with each other’s students in many other ways.The workshopatthe 8th symposium was a greatoccasionfor me, it felt like taking part in Leo’s seminar for one afternoon, to be one of its members just once and thereby feel a little bit like his student. I was not fortunate enough to work with Leo directly. I worked in the same area of algebraic methods in intuitionistic logic as a student around 1970, but turned to logics in metamathematics for a long period afterwards, and only returned to the area when influenced by his student Nick Bezhanishvili, who came to be my PhD student in Amsterdam in 2001 after being coached as a Master’s student in Tbilisi by Leo Esakia. In 1976 Wim Blok and Leo Esakia independently provedan importanttheoremofmodal logic,which later became known as the Blok – Esakia theorem. At that time Wim Blok’s dissertation in Amsterdam seemed more of a mathematical than a logical contribution. I realized the importance of the Blok – Esakia theorem only much later. In our surroundings the rise of the algebraic – topological approach to logic was slow. It only gainedits momentum in the 1990s.Naturally andinexorably Leo’swork becamemoreandmoreinfluential.InAmsterdamthisrisewasmainlyinstigated by Yde Venema, who returned there a few years after finishing his PhD in 1992. In the article with Fan Yang in this volume, for the first time I fully used the descriptive frames arising from Leo Esakia’s duality for intuitionistic logic. Of course this work was started by Leo in the early 1970s, on which much later work by many people has been based. Esakia’s lemma and the Blok – Esakia theorem stand out in this period. The 1980s was the period of his very original work on the provability logic GL and related logics, especially the completeness of GL with respect to the scattered spaces. All consecutive work relatingtopologyandprovabilitylogicisindebtedtothiswork;forexample,Lev Beklemishev’scontributioninthisvolume.InlaterperiodsLeoEsakiacombined workonintuitionisticandprovabilitylogic,andextendedandbroadenedhiswork to intuitionistic modal logics related to GL, especially by introducing the logic wK4 as a proper basic logic for these studies. Leo did not participate much in the details of the organization of the sym- posia,buthewasdistinctlyinfluentialinhissuggestionsforinvitingspeakersfor the logicalside of it, and we alwayslistened and tried to follow his advice. I am sure that this is an important reasonthat the symposia have been so successful in embedding the group of Georgian logicians led by him into the wider logical community. That one made sure to take Leo’s opinions in these and other mat- ters into account as much as possible was not due to any forcible pressure. One wassimplysurethathis suggestionswererightbecauseofthe extraordinaryhu- man being that he was,by his gentle, unassuming fairness,by his concentration on the facts, and by the absolute clearness that he had the best insight in the field. Organization XI In the next symposia we will miss this insight, we will miss his guidance, we will miss his quiet strength, but we will not miss his ideas about applying and studying logic—these are being carried forward by the group of Georgian logiciansthat he forgedand by the muchlargergroupof logicians influenced by him and by them. Dick de Jongh
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