Logic, Language, and Computation: 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2007, Tbilisi, Georgia, October 1-5, 2007. Revised Selected Papers PDF
Preview Logic, Language, and Computation: 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2007, Tbilisi, Georgia, October 1-5, 2007. Revised Selected Papers
Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 5422 EditedbyR.Goebel,J.Siekmann,andW.Wahlster Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science FoLLI Publications on Logic, Language and Information Editors-in-Chief LuigiaCarlucciAiello,UniversityofRome"LaSapienza",Italy MichaelMoortgat,UniversityofUtrecht,TheNetherlands MaartendeRijke,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands EditorialBoard CarlosAreces,INRIALorraine,France NicholasAsher,UniversityofTexasatAustin,TX,USA JohanvanBenthem,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands RaffaellaBernardi,FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Italy AntalvandenBosch,TilburgUniversity,TheNetherlands PaulBuitelaar,DFKI,Saarbrücken,Germany DiegoCalvanese,FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano,Italy AnnCopestake,UniversityofCambridge,UnitedKingdom RobertDale,MacquarieUniversity,Sydney,Australia LuisFariñas,IRIT,Toulouse,France ClaireGardent,INRIALorraine,France RajeevGoré,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra,Australia ReinerHähnle,ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Göteborg,Sweden WilfridHodges,QueenMary,UniversityofLondon,UnitedKingdom CarstenLutz,DresdenUniversityofTechnology,Germany ChristopherManning,StanfordUniversity,CA,USA ValeriadePaiva,PaloAltoResearchCenter,CA,USA MarthaPalmer,UniversityofPennsylvania,PA,USA AlbertoPolicriti,UniversityofUdine,Italy JamesRogers,EarlhamCollege,Richmond,IN,USA FrancescaRossi,UniversityofPadua,Italy YdeVenema,UniversityofAmsterdam,TheNetherlands BonnieWebber,UniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UnitedKingdom IanH.Witten,UniversityofWaikato,NewZealand Peter Bosch David Gabelaia Jérôme Lang (Eds.) Logic, Language, and Computation 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Computation, TbiLLC 2007 Tbilisi, Georgia, October 1-5, 2007 Revised Selected Papers 1 3 SeriesEditors RandyGoebel,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada JörgSiekmann,UniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany WolfgangWahlster,DFKIandUniversityofSaarland,Saarbrücken,Germany VolumeEditors PeterBosch UniversitätOsnabrück InstitutfürKognitionswissenschaft 49069Osnabrück,Germany E-mail:[email protected] DavidGabelaia RazmadzeMathematicalInstitute 1Aleksidzest.,0193,Tbilisi,Georgia E-mail:[email protected] JérômeLang LAMSADE,UniversitéParis-Dauphine 75775ParisCedex16,France E-mail:[email protected] LibraryofCongressControlNumber:Appliedfor CRSubjectClassification(1998):I.2,F.4.1 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ISSN 0302-9743 ISBN-10 3-642-00664-7SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork ISBN-13 978-3-642-00664-7SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,re-useofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965, initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. springer.com ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009 PrintedinGermany Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SPIN:12614431 06/3180 543210 Preface This volume presents a selection of papers presented in Tbilisi on the occasion of the 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Logic, Language, and Information, jointly organized by the Centre for Language, Logic, and Speech (CLLS) in Tbilisi, the Georgian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute for Logic, Language, and Computa- tion (ILLC) in Amsterdam. The conference and the volume are representative of the aims of the organizing institutes: to promote the integrated study of logic, informa- tion, and language. While the conference is open to contributions to any of the three fields, it hopes to promote cross-fertilization by achieving stronger awareness of de- velopments in the other fields, and of work which embraces more than one field or belongs to the interface between fields. The topics and brief characterizations of the contributions in this volume bear witness to these aims. Conceptual Modeling of Spatial Relations. Rusudan Asatiani proposes that spatial relations as expressed in Georgian preverbs can be captured with the help of the di- mensions Point of View (speaker’s or teller’s position), Geographic Space (various directions and distance dichotomy), and Communicational Space (Ego and Alter Spaces). Point of View, Ego Space, and Distance Dichotomy are flexible: They can be changed according to the speaker’s (or teller’s) attitude, while abstract relations are stable. Various combinations of the dimensions are represented in Georgian by the preverbs: there are nine simple and seven complex preverbs. Pragmatics and Game Theory. Anton Benz proposes a game-theoretic account of a subclass of 'relevance' implicatures arising from irrelevant answers. He argues that these phenomena can be explained on the assumption that interlocutors agree on pro- duction and interpretation strategies that are robust against small 'trembles' in the speaker's production strategy. Benz argues for a new pragmatic principle which he calls the Principle of Optimal Completion. He also claims that the proposed model provides a parallel account of scalar implicatures which removes some limitations of previous accounts. Atypical Valency Phenomena. Igor Boguslavsky discusses a set of phenomena aris- ing in cases where arguments (actants) are not, as would typically be the case, directly syntactically subordinated to their predicates. In less typical cases, arguments can syntactically subordinate their predicate (passive valency slots) or may have no im- mediate syntactic link with it (discontinuous valency slots). These types of valency slots are mostly characteristic of adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. A number of linguis- tic concepts are related, directly or indirectly, to the notion of actant. However, usu- ally only the typical valency instantiation is taken into account. If one also takes into consideration passive and discontinuous valency slot filling, the area of actant-related phenomena expands greatly and, as Boguslavsky shows, a broader generalization of the notions of diathesis and conversion seems to be called for. Lexical Typology. Anastasia Bonch-Osmolovskaia, Ekaterina Rakhilina, and Tatiana Reznikova present a study in lexical typology, specifically on the semantic domain of pain or unpleasant bodily sensations. They report on a database they con- structed for a sample of 23 languages and the methodology used, and show that the VI Preface multidimensional classifications implemented in the database permit cross-linguistic generalizations on pain and human body conceptualizations as well as on regularities of semantic shifts in different languages. Formal Semantics and Experimental Evidence. Peter Bosch argues that experi- ments on the online processing of linguistic utterances provide information about lan- guage processing in the first instance, and only indirectly about linguistic knowledge, while it has been linguistic knowledge, and not linguistic processing, that has been the subject matter of theoretical linguistics. So how can such evidence be relevant to theoretical linguistics? Or how can linguistic theory inform a theory of language processing? Bosch discusses this issue with respect to the processing and the formal semantics of the English definite determiner. He argues that the meaning of the defi- nite determiner, as it shows up in experiments on online comprehension, can actually be accounted for in an incremental variant of current formal semantics. Exceptional Quantifier Scope. Adrian Brasoveanu and Donka Farkas propose a new solution to the problem of exceptional scope of (in)definites, exemplified by the widest and intermediate scope readings of the sentence 'Every student of mine read every poem that a famous Romanian poet wrote'. They argue that the exceptional scope readings have two sources: (i) discourse anaphora to particular sets of entities and quantificational dependencies between these entities that restrict the domain of quantification of the two universal determiners and the indefinite article; (ii) non-local accommodation of the discourse referent that restricts the quantificational domain of the indefinite article. The proposal is formulated in a compositional dynamic system in classical type logic and relies on two independently motivated assumptions: (a) the discourse context stores not only (sets of) individuals, but also quantificational de- pendencies between them, and (b) quantifier domains are always contextually re- stricted. Under this analysis, (in)definites are unambiguous and there is no need for special choice-functional variables to derive exceptional scope readings. Georgian Focussing Particles. Anna Chutkerashvili describes the uses of the Georgian particles ki and –c, both rendered in English by ‘even’. These particles are similar in meaning and can both have a focusing function. Still, they do not substitute for each other. The central difference is that -c is a bound form while ki is not. Both particles often occur together. The dominating element in building up the meaning of '-c ki' is -c, which is stronger in emphasis; -c kI is used to emphasize something unex- pected or surprising. Polarity and Pragmatics. Regine Eckardt argues that current pragmatic theories of licensing Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) fail to capture the distinction between strong and weak NPIs. She attempts to show that an analysis in terms of covert 'even' alone cannot account for the limited distribution of strong NPIs. Eckardt further investigates the implicatures of 'even' sentences in weak licensing contexts and shows that they give rise to a minimal-achievement implicature which can be used to derive the mark- edness of strong NPIs in weak licensing contexts. Dynamics of Belief. Sujata Ghosh and Fernando R. Velazquez-Quesada propose a model for the evolution of the beliefs of multiple agents involved in interactive situa- tions, based on the trust they have in each other. Beliefs are actually evaluated by a neutral agent (the observer) – an event or an agent is ultimately believed if the observer’s belief in it stabilises after a certain time point. The model uses a fixpoint theory inspired by Gupta and Belnap's semantics for self-reference. Preface VII Learning Theory. Nina Gierasimczuk investigates two types of hypothesis verifica- tion (with certainty and in the limit), and similarly, two types of hypothesis identifica- tion. Both these procedures are based on induction. She proves two results showing a connection between verifiability and identifiability. She shows how her results can be applied to the verification of monotone quantifiers. Inquisitive Semantics. Jeroen Groenendijk introduces an inquisitive semantics for a language of propositional logic, where the interpretation of disjunction is the source of inquisitiveness. Indicative conditionals and conditional questions are treated on a par both syntactically and semantically. The semantics comes with a new logical- pragmatical notion which judges and compares the compliance of responses to an initiative in inquisitive dialogue. Modal Logic. Ali Karatay considers the question of first-order definability of a modal formula motivated by the logic of ability. He offers a decisive solution in the negative, proving that the formula in question expresses an essentially second-order condition on Kripke frames. Coalgebras. Clemens Kupke provides an alternative, game-theoretic proof of a fundamental result by J. Worrel regarding the finite approximation of a (possibly infi- nite) behaviour of states in a coalgebra based on a finitary set functor. The proof is based on a novel description of the behavioural equivalence in coalgebras for a fini- tary set functor in terms of two-player graph games in which at every position a player has only finitely many moves. Computational Linguistics of Georgian. Paul Meurer presents ongoing work on building a full-scale computational grammar for Georgian in the Lexical Functional Grammar framework and illustrates both practical and theoretical aspects of grammar development. He shows how morphology interfaces with syntax and illustrates how some of the main syntactic constructions of Georgian are implemented in the gram- mar. Meurer also presents the tools that are used in developing the grammar system: the finite state tool fst, the XLE parsing platform, the LFG Parsebanker, and a large searchable corpus of non-fiction and fiction texts. Type-Logical Grammar and Cross-Serial Dependencies. The paper by Glyn Morrill, Oriol Valentin, and Mario Fadda shows Type-Logical Grammar at work on an interesting linguistic case: the incremental processing of Dutch subordinate clause word order, namely, the so-called cross-serial dependencies. With the help of proof net machinery adapted for the continuous and discontinuous Lambek calculus they are able to account for the increasing unacceptability of cross-serial dependencies with increasingly multiple embeddings. Non-monotonic Logic. Alexei Muravitsky considers the relation of logical friendli- ness in propositional logic introduced by D. Makinson. He gives a complete Gentzen- style axiomatization of this relation and obtains the property of strong compactness as a corollary. Japanese Quantifiers. Sumiyo Nishiguchi argues that Generalized Quantifier The- ory does not directly apply to Japanese quantifiers because the number of noun phrase arguments is underspecified and quantities are often expressed by predicative adjec- tives. Nishiguchi further shows that word order changes quantifier interpretation. Non-split quantifiers, for instance, correspond to definite NPs that are unique in the domain of discourse, while split NPs are wide-scope indefinites. Adjectival quantifi- ers require a polymorphic type, and continuation-based Combinatory Categorial VIII Preface Grammar can account, as Nishiguchi demonstrates, for meaning differences between (non)split quantifiers. Intuitionistic Logic. Tahsin Oner and Dick de Jongh study the structure of rigid frames for Intuitionistic Propositional Calculus (or for the modal logic S4.Grz). They give a full description and classification of all rigid frames of depth 3. Semantics of Negated Nominals. Anna Pazelskaya discusses Russian event nomi- nals, their negation and their meaning under negation. She claims that there are three ways to combine the negative marker with an event nominal, depending on the mean- ing of the nominal itself and requirements of the context. This leads to negated stative nominals derived from positive stative nominals, negated stative nominals derived from non-stative telic nominals, and negated non-stative telic nominals derived from non-stative telic nominals. Pazelskaya argues that these three types of negated nomi- nals differ not only aspectually, but also with respect to where the negation is attached and how the denotation of the whole nominal is evaluated. Word Sense Disambiguation. Ekaterina Rakhilina, Tatiana Reznikova, and Olga Shemanaeva discuss a method of Word Sense Disambiguation, which is applied to polysemous adjectives in the Russian National Corpus. The approach implies formu- lating rules to select the appropriate sense of the adjective by using co-occurrence restrictions observed in the corpus. The disambiguating filters operate with various kinds of grammatical and semantic information on the adjectives and the nouns modi- fied, and are shown to be effective tools for Word Sense Disambiguation in the Rus- sian National Corpus. Semantics of Question-Embedding Predicates. Kerstin Schwabe and Robert Fittler investigate the conditions under which German propositional verbs embed interroga- tives. They propose necessary and sufficient conditions for dass verbs taking ob com- plements. The corresponding verbs they call 'objective'. An objective verb has a wh-form (F weiß, wer kommt 'F knows who is coming') if it is consistent with wissen dass. A non-objective dass-verb does not have an ob-form, but it can have a wh-form if it permits a da- or es-correlate and meets particular consistency conditions which render it factive or cognitive in the presence of the correlate (cf. bedauern 'regret' vs. annehmen 'assume'). Schwabe and Fittler argue that the meaning of the wh-form of non-objective verbs deviates distinctly from the meaning of the wh-form of objective verbs and they claim that the proposed rules are general and hold without exceptions. Reciprocals and Computational Complexity. Jakub Szymanik studies the computa- tional complexity of reciprocal sentences with quantified antecedents. He observes a computational dichotomy between different interpretations of reciprocity and dis- cusses consequences for the status of the so-called Strong Meaning Hypothesis. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers who have helped us in the preparation of this volume and of course to the organizers of the conference. A special thanks goes to Johan van Benthem, Paul Dekker, Frans Groen, Dick de Jong, Ingrid van Loon, and Anne Troelstra for their support in obtaining funding for the conference. December 2008 Peter Bosch David Gabelaia Jérôme Lang Organization 7th International Tbilisi Symposium on Language, Logic and ComputationTbilisi, October 1–5, 2007 Organization Centre for Language, Logic and Speech at the Tbilisi State University Georgian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Logic, Language and Computation of the University of Amsterdam Organizing Committee Local Organization Ingrid van Loon (Chair) Rusudan Asatiani Rusudan Asatiani (Co-chair) Nani Chanishvili Paul Dekker (Co-chair) George Chikoidze (Chair) Kata Balogh David Gabelaia Nick Bezhanishvili Marina Ivanishvili Nani Chanishvili Nino Javashvili David Gabelaia Liana Lortkipanidze Cigdem Gencer Khimuri Rukhaia Marina Ivanishvili Nana Shengelaia Nino Javashvili Liana Lortkipanidze Khimuri Rukhaia Nana Shengelaia Levan Uridia Program Committee Dick de Jongh - Chair University of Amsterdam George Chikoidze - Co-chair Georgian Academy of Sciences Leo Esakia - Co-chair Tbilisi State University Matthias Baaz University of Vienna Balder ten Cate University of Amsterdam Paul Dekker University of Amsterdam Ulle Endriss University of Amsterdam Frans Groen University of Amsterdam Jost Gippert University of Frankfurt Gogi Japaridze Villanova University, Pennsylvania Levan Uridia University of Amsterdam Barbara Partee University of Massachusetts X Organization Henk Zeevat University of Amsterdam Hedde Zeijlstra University of Amsterdam Ede Zimmermann Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt and all invited speakers Tutorials Regine Eckardt (on language) University of Goettingen Benedikt Löwe (on logic) University of Amsterdam Jérôme Lang (on computation) CNRS/IRIT, Toulouse Invited Lectures Matthias Baaz University of Technology, Vienna Guram Bezhanishvili New Mexico State University Igor Boguslavsky Russian Academy of Sciences and Polytechnical University of Madrid Peter Bosch University of Osnabrück Glyn Morrill Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya R. Ramanujam C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, India Wolfgang Thomas RWTH Aachen Frank Veltman University of Amsterdam
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