Lockhart and Wiseman’s Crop Husbandry Including Grassland

696 Pages·2022·15.674 MB·English

by  Alison Samuel, Louisa Dines, Steve Finch, Gerry P. Lane

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Lockhart and Wiseman s Crop
Husbandry Including Grassland
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Science,
Technology and Nutrition
’
Lockhart and Wiseman s
Crop Husbandry Including
Grassland
Tenth Edition
Edited by
Alison Samuel
Former Senior Associate Lecturer,
University of Plymouth, Seale Hayne Campus,
Devon, United Kingdom
Louisa Dines
Principal Lecturer in Agronomy,
Harper Adams University, Newport,
Shropshire, United Kingdom
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Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction xv
1 Plants 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Plant groups 1
1.3 Plant structure 3
1.4 Plant physiology 12
1.5 Seeds 18
1.6 Plant requirements 24
1.7 Legumes and nitrogen fixation 27
1.8 The controlof plant growthand development 28
1.9 Key points 30
Sources offurther information and advice 31
2 Climate and weather 33
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Solar radiation 34
2.3 Rainfall 35
2.4 Air and soil temperature 35
2.5 Effect ofweatheron soils and crops 37
2.6 Human caused climate change 38
2.7 Future climate change predictions 40
2.8 Impactof climate changeon crop production 42
2.9 Sources ofagriculture emissions 44
2.10 Potential for cropping systems toachieve netzero carbon
emissions 45
2.11 Summary 46
2.12 Key points 47
Sources offurther information and advice 47
3 Soil health and management 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Soil formation 52
3.3 Soil composition and properties 54
vi Contents
3.4 Farming andmanaging different soil types 63
3.5 Soil fertility andproductivity 72
3.6 Evaluating soil health on thefarm 77
3.7 Key points 78
Sources of further informationand advice 78
4 Fertilisers and manures 81
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Cropnutrientrequirements 82
4.3 Majornutrients 84
4.4 Micronutrients(trace elements) 91
4.5 Assessment ofsoil nutrient content 92
4.6 Assessment ofcrop nutrient content 95
4.7 Terminology andformulation offertiliser products 95
4.8 Fertiliser products and nutrient supply 96
4.9 Fertilisers and nutrientsupply 100
4.10 Fluid (liquid) fertilisers 101
4.11 Application offertilisers 103
4.12 Organic materials 104
4.13 Fertilisers, organic materialsand theenvironment 112
4.14 Key points 113
Sources of further informationand advice 113
5 Weedsof farm crops 115
5.1 The impact of weeds 115
5.2 Weed types andidentification 120
5.3 Management ofweeds:general 133
5.4 Herbicide resistance 138
5.5 Spraying with herbicides:precautions 139
5.6 Key points 140
Sources of further informationand advice 140
6 Diseases of farm crops 143
6.1 Introduction toplant diseases and disorders 143
6.2 Disease symptoms 144
6.3 Some importanttypes ofplant pathogens 145
6.4 Abiotic disorders 149
6.5 The controlofplant diseases 150
6.6 Fungicide resistance 154
6.7 Management ofspecific diseases offieldcrops 155
6.8 Key points 187
Sources of further informationand advice 187
7 Pests 189
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Invertebrate pests 189
Contents vii
7.3 Vertebrate croppests 196
7.4 Damage types 197
7.5 Integrated pest management (IPM) 197
7.6 Pesticide classification 201
7.7 Key points 236
Sources offurther information and advice 236
8 Sustainable crop production 237
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Crop productiontechniques 238
8.3 Drivers ofchange in cropproduction 258
8.4 Whole farm approaches tosustainability 267
8.5 Key points 269
Sources offurther information and advice 270
9 Precision crop production 273
9.1 Introduction 273
9.2 Obtaining georeferenced data 273
9.3 Storingand analysinggeoreferenced data 277
9.4 Using georeferenced data 279
9.5 Autonomous agriculture 282
9.6 Barriersto theadoption ofprecision farming 283
9.7 Key points 284
Sources offurther information and advice 284
10 Organic crop husbandry 285
10.1 Introduction 285
10.2 Achievingorganicstatus 287
10.3 Rotations 288
10.4 Soil andplant nutrition 289
10.5 Weed control 292
10.6 Disease control 297
10.7 Pest control 297
10.8 Crop management examples 298
10.9 Other systems 301
10.10 Organic farmingand theenvironment 302
10.11 Key points 302
Sources of further information and advice 303
11 Plant breedingand seed production 305
11.1 Introduction 305
11.2 Plant breeding methods 308
11.3 Plant breeding targets 314
11.4 Seed quality 319
11.5 Breeding for organic, agroecology and regenerative agriculture 323
viii Contents
11.6 Key points 324
Sources of further informationand advice 325
12 World croppingsystems 327
12.1 Introduction 327
12.2 Global demand 328
12.3 Efficiency of production 328
12.4 Global trends 331
12.5 Climatic requirements 331
12.6 Land use 332
12.7 Threats toglobal production -lossesto yield attainment 333
12.8 Post-harvest losses 334
12.9 Most importantcrops grown globally 334
12.10 Pulses: crops grown primarilyfor protein 341
12.11 Oilseeds: crops grown primarilyfor oil 342
12.12 Cropsgrownprimarily for export:cash crops 343
12.13 Future challenges for global cropproduction 345
12.14 Key points 346
Sources of further informationand advice 347
13 Cereals 349
13.1 Introduction 349
13.2 Wheat 361
13.3 Durumwheat 373
13.4 Barley 376
13.5 Oats 385
13.6 Rye 389
13.7 Triticale 391
13.8 Maize for grain 393
13.9 Key points 393
Sources of further informationand advice 394
14 Oilseedsand pulses 395
14.1 Introduction 395
14.2 Oilseed rape 395
14.3 Linseed 405
14.4 Sunflowers 409
14.5 Soyabeans 409
14.6 Combinable pulses 410
14.7 Key points 422
Sources of further informationand advice 422
15 Root crops 423
15.1 Introduction 423
15.2 Potatoes 423
15.3 Sugarbeet 438
15.4 Key points 452
Sources of further informationand advice 453
Contents ix
16 Energy and industrial crops 455
16.1 Introduction 455
16.2 Energycrops 457
16.3 Industrial crops 461
16.4 Key points 463
Sources offurther information and advice 463
17 Freshproduce crops 465
17.1 Growing fresh produce crops 465
17.2 Fresh peas 472
17.3 Broad beans 474
17.4 Greenbeans 475
17.5 Lettuce 477
17.6 Babyleaves and herbs 480
17.7 Cabbages 482
17.8 Broccoli 485
17.9 Cauliflowers 486
17.10 Brusselssprouts 489
17.11 Bulb onions 491
17.12 Leeks 494
17.13 Carrots 496
17.14 Edible swede and turnips 499
17.15 Strawberries 500
17.16 Key points 503
Sources of further information and advice 503
18 Arableforage crops 505
18.1 Crops grown for ensiling 505
18.2 Rootcrops grown for lifting andstorage orgrazing in-situ 513
18.3 Leafycrops grown for grazing 520
18.4 Key points 524
Sources offurther information and advice 525
19 Introduction to grass production/characteristicsof grassland
and the important species 527
19.1 Typesof grassland 527
19.2 The nutritive value of grassland herbage 530
19.3 Identification ofgrasses 531
19.4 Identification oflegumes 537
19.5 Grasses ofeconomic importance 539
19.6 Forage legumesof economicimportance 549
19.7 Herbs 554
19.8 Grassand legume seed mixtures 554
19.9 Key points 562
Sources offurther information and advice 562