Locked up, locked out: young men in the juvenile justice system

589 Pages·2010·6.807 MB·English

by  Nurse, Anne

Juvenile Justice
Juvenile Justice
Advancing Research,
Policy, and Practice
Edited by
FRANCINE T. SHERMAN and
FRANCINE H. JACOBS
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData:
Juvenilejustice:advancingresearch,policy,andpractice/editedbyFrancineT.ShermanandFrancineH.Jacobs.
p. cm.
Includesindex.
ISBNs978-0-470-49704-3;978-1-118-10586-3;978-1-118-10585-6;978-1-118-10587-0;978-1-118-09337-5
1. Juvenilejustice,Administrationof—UnitedStates. 2. Juvenilecorrections—UnitedStates. 3. Juvenile
delinquents—UnitedStates. I. Sherman,FrancineT.,1955- II. Jacobs,FrancineH.
HV9104.J8642011
364.630973—dc22 2011014932
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Toallthechildren,families,advocates,practitioners,
andpolicymakersinvolvedwithjuvenilejustice,
acknowledgingthecriticalrolesyouplayincreating
amorehumaneandeffectivesystem
Contents
Foreword Justice for America’s Children xi
MarianWrightEdelman
Preface xv
FrancineT.ShermanandFrancineH.Jacobs
Introduction xvii
FrancineT.ShermanandFrancineH.Jacobs
Contributors xxvii
SECTION I
Framing the Issues 1
Chapter 1 A Developmental View of Youth in the
Juvenile Justice System 3
MartyBeyer
Chapter 2 Youth in the Juvenile Justice System:
Characteristics and Patterns of Involvement 24
KristiHolsinger
Chapter 3 The Health of Youth in the Juvenile
Justice System 44
PaulaBravermanandRobertMorris
Chapter 4 Children’s Rights and Relationships:
A Legal Framework 68
FrancineT.ShermanandHon.JayBlitzman
Chapter 5 A Vision for the American Juvenile Justice System:
The Positive Youth Development Perspective 92
RichardM.Lerner,MichaelD.Wiatrowski,MeganKielyMueller,
ChristopherM.Napolitano,KristinaL.Schmid,andAnitaPritchard
vii
viii CONTENTS
SECTION II
Understanding Individual Youth 109
Chapter 6 Race, Ethnicity, and Ancestry in Juvenile Justice 111
JamesBellandRaquelMariscal
Chapter 7 The Role of Gender in Youth Systems:
Grace’s Story 131
FrancineT.ShermanandJessicaH.Greenstone
Chapter 8 Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT)
Youth and the Juvenile Justice System 156
LauraGarnette,AngelaIrvine,CarolynReyes,andShannanWilber
Chapter 9 Adolescent Parents and the Juvenile Justice System:
Toward Developmentally and Socioculturally Based
Provision of Services 174
EllenE.Pinderhughes,KarenT.Craddock,andLaTashaL.Fermin
SECTION III
Understanding Youth in Context 197
Chapter 10 Parents, Families, and the Juvenile Justice System 199
FrancineH.Jacobs,ClaudiaMiranda-Julian,andRachaelKaplan
Chapter 11 Violence Within Families and Intimate Relationships 223
LindaL.Baker,AlisonJ.Cunningham,andKimberlyE.Harris
Chapter 12 Making a Place for Youth: Social Capital,
Resilience, and Communities 245
RobertL.Hawkins,MarynaVashchenko,andCourtneyDavis
Chapter 13 The Developmental Impact of Community Violence 267
EdmundBruyereandJamesGarbarino
Contents ix
Chapter 14 The Right to a Quality Education for Children
and Youth in the Juvenile Justice System 286
KathleenB.BoundyandJoanneKarger
Chapter 15 Juvenile Prison Schooling and Reentry:
Disciplining Young Men of Color 310
SabinaE.Vaught
Chapter 16 The System Response to the Commercial
Sexual Exploitation of Girls 331
FrancineT.ShermanandLisaGoldblattGrace
Chapter 17 How American Government Frames
Youth Problems 352
TimothyRossandJoelMiller
Chapter 18 Youth Perspectives on Health Care 369
RachelOliveri,IlaDeshmukhTowery,LeahJacobs,
andFrancineH.Jacobs
SECTION IV
Working for Change 389
Chapter 19 Youth-Led Change 391
BarryDym,KenTangvik,JesusGerena,andJessicaDymBartlett
Chapter 20 The End of the Reform School? 409
VincentSchiraldi,MarcSchindler,andSeanJ.Goliday
Chapter 21 Collaboration in the Service of Better Systems
for Youth 433
AnneF.FarrellandDianeM.Myers
Chapter 22 Getting on Board With Juvenile Justice
Information Technologies 456
StanSchneiderandLolaSimpson
x CONTENTS
Chapter 23 Establishing Effective Community-Based Care
in Juvenile Justice 477
PeterW.GreenwoodandSusanTurner
Chapter 24 Better Research for Better Policies 505
JeffreyA.ButtsandJohnK.Roman
Afterword 527
CongressmanRobert(Bobby)Scott
About the Editors 531
Author Index 533
Subject Index 551
Foreword: Justice for America’s Children
MARIAN WRIGHT EDELMAN
President, Children’s Defense Fund, Washington, DC
Thetestofthemoralityofasocietyiswhat toooften,earlydeath.Othersbecometrapped
it does for its children. in the pipeline to prison later in life.
—Dietrich Bonhoeffer (c. 1940) Atcrucialpointsinapoorchild’sdevelop-
ment,moreriskspileon—thelossof aparent,
HasAmericaturnedherbackonhermost sibling, or friend; low teacher expectations;
vulnerable children? family or neighborhood violence; gang
Americaistherichestnationintheworld. involvement—making a successful transition
Werank#1ingrossdomesticproduct(GDP), toproductiveadulthoodsignificantlylesslikely
and we have more billionaires than any other and involvementin the criminal justicesystem
country. Surely, a nation so blessed will take significantly more likely. Forchildren of color,
careofitschildren,whoareitsgreatesttreasure, who are disproportionately poor, the odds of
its future, and its most vulnerable population. youth detention and eventual incarceration as
Yet the gap between rich and poor in adultsgreatlyexceedthoseforWhitechildren.
America is greater than in any other major Black children are 3 times as likely as White
industrialized nation1 and is growing wider, childrentobepoor.ABlackboybornin2001
dooming millions of children to the fate of is more than 5 times as likely as a White boy
growing up poor—if they survive infancy. bornthatsameyear tobeincarceratedatsome
Today, tens of thousands of poor babies in point during his lifetime.
rich America enter the world with multiple And, in the past 20 years, sentencing for
strikes against them: born without prenatal juveniles in our nation has become increas-
care, at low birth weight, and to a teen, poor, inglyharshandpunitiveandtherehasbeenan
and poorly educated single mother and absent increase of 72% in the number of children
father.Manyarefunneledfrombirthintowhat held in America’s juvenile detention centers;2
the Children’s Defense Fund calls ‘‘the cradle- thousandsofchildrenareheldinadultprisons.
to-prison pipeline,’’ which traps children into As a number of the chapters in this im-
lifepathsmarkedbyabuse,illness,schoolfailure portant volume illustrate, the experiences of
and suspension, detention, incarceration, and, detainedandincarceratedchildreninAmerica
are rarely rehabilitative. Children and teens
who go through our nation’s juvenile justice
1OECDReport(2009),GrowingUnequal?IncomeDistri-
bution and Poverty in OECD Countries, notes that ‘‘the 2Myers, D. M., & Farrell, Anne F. (2008). Reclaiming
UnitedStatesisthecountrywiththehighestinequality LostOpportunities:ApplyingPublicHealthModelsin
level and poverty rate across the OECD, Mexico and Juvenile Justice. Children and Youth Services Review 30,
Turkeyexcepted.’’ 1159–1177.
xi