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stroppel_titelei 16.1.2006 11:12 Uhr Seite 1 SS EE MM MM EE SS S E E M S M M E S stroppel_titelei 16.1.2006 11:12 Uhr Seite 2 EMS Textbooks in Mathematics EMS Textbooks in Mathematicsisa book series aimed at students or professional mathematicians seeking an introduction into a particular field. The individual volumes are intended to provide not only relevant techniques, results and their applications, but afford insight into the motivations and ideas behind the theory. Suitably designed exercises help to master the subject and prepare the reader for the study of more advanced and specialized literature. Jørn Justesen and Tom Høholdt, A Course In Error-Correcting Codes Peter Kunkel and Volker Mehrmann, Differential-Algebraic Equations. Analysis and Numerical Solution stroppel_titelei 16.1.2006 11:12 Uhr Seite 3 Markus Stroppel Locally Compact Groups S E M M E S SS EE E M S MM MM uropean athematical ociety EE SS stroppel_titelei 16.1.2006 11:12 Uhr Seite 4 Author: Markus Stroppel Institut für Geometrie und Topologie Universität Stuttgart D-70550 Stuttgart Germany 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification (primary; secondary): 22D05, 22-01; 20E18, 22A25, 22B05, 22C05, 22D10, 22D45, 22F05, 12J10, 43A05, 54H15, 22A15 Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.ddb.de. ISBN 3-03719-016-7 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadca- sting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use permission of the copyright owner must be obtained. © 2006 European Mathematical Society Contact address: European Mathematical Society Publishing House Seminar for Applied Mathematics ETH-Zentrum FLI C4 CH-8092 Zürich Switzerland Phone: +41 (0)1 632 34 36 Email: [email protected] Homepage: www.ems-ph.org Cover: The stones of the wall represent the fundamental building blocks in the theory of locally com- pact groups: finite (and thus compact) groups, and connected Lie groups (including the additive group of real numbers, and linear groups over the reals). From these blocks, general locally compact groups are built using constructions like cartesian pro- ducts and projective limits. The commuting diagram describes a projective limit, thus indicating a concept central to the theory discussed in the book. Typeset using the author’s TEX files: I. Zimmermann, Freiburg Printed on acid-free paper produced from chlorine-free pulp. TCF°° Printed in Germany 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Preface This book introduces the reader to the theory of locally compact groups, leading fromthebasicsabouttopologicalgroupstomoreinvolvedtopics,includingtrans- formation groups, the Haar integral, and Pontryagin duality. I have also included several applications to the structure theory of locally compactAbelian groups, to topologicalringsandfields. Thepresentationisroundedoffbyachapterontopo- logicalsemigroups,payingspecialrespecttoresultsthatidentifytopologicalgroups insidethiswiderclass. InordertoshowtheresultsfromPontryagintheoryatwork, IhavealsoincludedthedeterminationofthoselocallycompactAbeliangroupsthat are homogeneous in the sense that their automorphism group acts transitively on thesetofnon-trivialelements. Acrucialbutdeeptoolforanydeeperunderstand- ingoflocallycompactgroupsistheapproximationbyLiegroups. Thechapteron Hilbert’sfifthproblemgivesanoverview. Thechartfollowingthisprefacegivesa roughimpressionofthelogicaldependencebetweenthesections. Duringmyacademiccareer,Ihaverepeatedlylecturedontopicsfromtopolog- ical algebra. Apart from a regular seminar including topics from the field, I have given graduate courses on topological groups (1994/95), locally compact groups (1995/96),Pontryaginduality(1996/97),Haarmeasure(1997),andtopologicalal- gebra (1999/2000). The present notes reflect the topics treated in these courses. A suitable choice from the material at hand may cover one-semester courses on topological groups (Sections 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11), locally compactAbelian groups (Sections 3, 4, 6, 12, 14, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24), topological algebra (groups, rings,fields,semigroups: Sections3,4,5,6,9,10,11,26,28,29,30,31). I have tried to keep these notes essentially self-contained. Of course, as with any advanced topic, there are limits. A reader is supposed to have mastered lin- ear algebra, but only a basic acquaintance with groups is required. Fundamental topologicalnotions(topologies, continuity, neighborhoodbases, separation, com- pactness,connectedness,filterbases)aretreatedinSection1andinSection2. The more advanced topic of dimension is included only as a reference for the outline in Chapter H. The section about Haar integral draws (naturally) from functional analyticsources. Almosteverysection(withthesystematicexceptionofthoseinChapterH)is accompaniedbyexercises. Thesehavebeentestedinclass,butofcoursethisisno guaranteethattheywillworkwellagainwithanyothergroupofstudents. Every readerisadvisedtousetheexercisesasameanstocheckherunderstandingofthe topicstreatedinthetext. Occasionally,theexercisesalsoprovidefurtherexamples. Aremarkonthebibliographyisinorder. Thepresentbookismeantasastu- dent text, and historic comments are kept to a minimum. We give references to theliteraturewhereweneedresultsortechniquesthatarebeyondthescopeofthis vi Preface book. Suggestions for further reading would surely include the two volumes by E.HewittandK.A.Ross[15],[16]. Quiterecentcontributionsaretheimpressive monographs by K. H.Hofmann and S.A.Morris [23], [24]. About locally com- pact abelian groups, we only mention the book by D. L.Armacost [2]. The notes by I.Kaplansky [35] treat abelian groups but go well beyond into the solution of Hilbert’s Fifth Problem. Topological fields are the subject of the monographs by N.Shell[57],S.Warner[65],W.Wiesław[68],and(underthepretextofdoingnum- ‘ bertheory)theonebyA.Weil[67]. Thetheoryoflocallycompactgroupsnaturally incorporatesdeepresultsfromLietheory. Amongthemanybooksaboutthatsub- ject,wementiontheonesbyN.Bourbaki[4],S.Helgason[14],G.Hochschild[18], A.L.OnishchikandE.B.Vinberg[43],andV.S.Varadarajan[64]. The abstract notion of a topological group seems to appear first in a paper by F.Leja[38]. HistoricalhallmarksofthetheoryarethebooksbyL.S.Pontrjagin[48] andA.Weil[66]. I was introduced to the theory of topological groups in a course at the uni- versity at Tübingen, given by H. Reiner Salzmann, during the summer term in 1987. Thatcoursestartedwithanintroductiontothebasics(includingsubgroups, quotients,separationproperties,andconnectedness),generalpropertiesoflocally compactgroups(existenceofopensubgroups,extensionproperties),adiscussion oftopologicaltransformationgroups(leadingtoFreudenthal’sresultsaboutlocally compactorbitsoflocallycompactLindelöfgroups). Themainpartofthatcourse consistedofadiscussionofPontryaginduality,itsproofandseveralconsequences, culminatingintheclassificationofcompactAbeliangroups. Surely,theselectures contributed to my decision to take up research in mathematics. What impressed medeeplywastheinterplayofsubtlyinterwoventheories(topology,grouptheory, functional analysis), leading to deep results, with applications in pure as well as applied mathematics. Later on, I had the opportunity to work with Karl Heinrich Hofmann at Darmstadt. During this lasting collaboration, the seed of fascination withthetopicswascultivated,ripeningintoafull-grownaddictiontothetheoryof locallycompactgroupsanditsvariousapplications. In my own teaching, I try to pass on the beauty of the subject as well as the fascination that my academic teachers have instilled in me. I do hope that these noteshelptoadvancethisfascination. Many students and colleagues have read and criticized scripts accompanying my lecture courses, and parts of the present version. Explicitly, I wish to thank Andrea Blunck, Martin Bulach, Agnes Diller, Helge Glöckner, Jochen Hoheisel, Martin Klausch, Peter Lietz, and Bernhild Stroppel. The errors that remain are mine. Stuttgart,December2005 MarkusStroppel LogicalDependencebetweentheSections (cid:2)(cid:6)(cid:3)(cid:7)9(cid:4)(cid:8)(cid:7)(cid:7) 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Contents Preface v A Preliminaries 1 1 MapsandTopologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 ConnectednessandTopologicalDimension . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 B TopologicalGroups 26 3 BasicDefinitionsandResults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 Subgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5 LinearGroupsoverTopologicalRings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 6 Quotients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 7 SolvableandNilpotentGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 8 Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 C TopologicalTransformationGroups 91 9 TheCompact-OpenTopology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 10 TransformationGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 11 Sets,Groups,andRingsofHomomorphisms. . . . . . . . . . . . 105 D TheHaarIntegral 113 12 ExistenceandUniquenessofHaarIntegrals . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 13 TheModuleFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 14 ApplicationstoLinearRepresentations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 E CategoriesofTopologicalGroups 143 15 Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 16 ProductsinCategoriesofTopologicalGroups . . . . . . . . . . . 147 17 DirectLimitsandProjectiveLimits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 18 ProjectiveLimitsofTopologicalGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 19 CompactGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 F LocallyCompactAbelianGroups 174 20 CharactersandCharacterGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 21 CompactlyGeneratedAbelianLieGroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 22 Pontryagin’sDualityTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 23 ApplicationsoftheDualityTheorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 24 MaximalCompactSubgroupsandVectorSubgroups . . . . . . . 203

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Locally compact groups play an important role in many areas of mathematics as well as in physics. The class of locally compact groups admits a strong structure theory, which allows to reduce many problems to groups constructed in various ways from the additive group of real numbers, the classical li
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