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OXFORD STUDIES IN ROMAN SOCIETY AND LAW GeneralEditors PaulduPlessis ThomasA.J.McGinn OXFORD STUDIES IN ROMAN SOCIETY AND LAW The aim of this monograph series is to create an interdisciplinary forum devoted to the interaction between legal history and ancient history, in the context of the study of Roman law. Focusing on the relationship of law to society, the volumes will cover the most significant periods of Roman law (up to the death of Justinian in 565) so as to provide a balanced view of growth, decline, and resurgence. Most importantly, the series will provoke general debate overtheextenttowhichlegalrulesshouldbeexaminedinlightofthe society which produced them in order to understand their purpose andefficacy. Localized Law The Babatha and Salome Komaise Archives KIMBERLEY CZAJKOWSKI 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©KimberleyCzajkowski2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940836 ISBN 978–0–19–877733–5 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements This book is a revised version of my doctoral thesis and as such the list of people to thank for their help and support in the course of writing both the thesis and then the subsequent book version could run into very, very many pages. More and more names are always added to the list the longer the process continues. There will inevit- ablybethosewhomIfailtomention,despitetheirmeritingcopious thanks. Firstofall,IamofcoursegratefulfortheAHRC/MertonStudent- ship which made undertaking my DPhil possible; additional thanks are due to the Polonsky Foundation for funding a research trip to JerusaleminDecember2013throughtheGraduateWorkshoponthe AbrahamicReligions.Thanksarealsoduetomyassessorsatvarious points in the DPhil process—Amin Benaissa, Teresa Morgan and Georgy Kantor—and to my internal and external examiners, Alison SalvesenandJillHarries,bothformakingthevivaastimulatingand thoroughly enjoyable occasion, and for their invaluable comments and advice on how to turn the thesis into a monograph. Further thanks to Jill for her subsequent help with getting to that stage and seeminglyunendingsupportandencouragement.Anyfailuretoheed theiradvicefallsentirelyonmyownhead. ThanksalsogotoCarolineHumfressforbeingextremelygenerous with her forthcoming work and drafts of works-in-progress, and for her comments on the thesis and book proposal stages of this work. IamalsogratefultoPhilipEslerforlettingmeseeanearlyversionof hisforthcomingbookonBabatha. IamofcourseendlesslygratefultomysupervisorMartinGoodman forallhissupport,patience,encouragementandfeedbackduringthe course of my MSt and DPhil years, and the continuance of that support subsequently. I must also express my gratitude to Lutz Doering, my project leader at Münster, for being extremely patient withmyattemptstogetthebookrevisionsdonewhilesimultaneously working on the new project. A huge thank you too to Benedikt Eckhardt for critically reading an almost-but-not-quite-final version of the book manuscript, and for his general encouragement in the ensuingpanictogettotheyes-actually-finalstage. vi Acknowledgements Finally, I cannot recommend Tom McGinn and Paul du Plessis highly enough as series editors. If writing a book can be a stressful process, they made it a pleasurable one, always giving timely, inter- estingandilluminatingfeedbacktothevariousversionsofthemanu- scripttheyreceived,andgenerallygoingaboveandbeyondthecallof dutyinalltheireffortsandattention.Allerrorsetc.areofcoursemy ownbutTomandPaul:truly,thankyouboth. Contents ListofTables ix ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 TheArchives 3 ‘Provincialization’andRomanLaw 14 Multi-Legalisms,‘LegalCulture’,anda‘Ground-Up’ Approach 17 TheArchiveswithinthisMulti-LegalApproach 22 1. BeginningtoReinterprettheArchives 25 TheTalesToldintheArchives 26 CaseStudies 38 ConcludingRemarks 59 2. TheScribes 60 ReasonsforHiringaScribe 62 TheIdentityoftheScribes 72 3. LegalAdvisors 88 LegalAdvisorsintheAncientWorld 89 TheArchives 93 ScribesandAdvisors:APurelyTerminological Distinction? 105 4. TheParties 107 TheNon-GreekDocuments 109 ThePointofChange 113 TheGreekDocuments 115 5. TheAlternativestotheAssizes? 133 LocalTribunals:ASocio-AnthropologicalPerspective 133 ThePossibleVenuesandAuthoritiesforAlternative LegalFora 137 LocalTribunalsandRomanImperialPower:Effects andInteraction 162 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,17/10/2016,SPi viii Contents 6. TheRomanOfficials 166 TheRomanGovernorintheProvinces 167 TheRomanGovernorintheArchives 187 TheSpectreoftheRomanCourt 197 Conclusion 199 Bibliography 207 GeneralIndex 233 IndexofSources 237 List of Tables 2.1. Identifiedscribesofdocumentswrittenbefore106CE 73 2.2. Identifiedscribesofnon-Greekdocumentswrittenafter 106CEintheBabathaarchive 75 2.3. IdentifiedscribesofGreekdocumentswrittenafter 106CEintheBabathaarchive 84 4.1. Thenon-GreekdocumentsintheBabathaandSalome Komaisearchiveswrittenafter106CE 110

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In the early second century CE, two Jewish women, Babatha and Salome Komaise, lived in the village of Maoza on the southern coast of the Dead Sea. This was first part of the Nabataean Kingdom, but came under direct Roman rule in 106 CE as part of the province of Roman Arabia. The archives these two
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OXFORD STUDIES IN ROMAN SOCIETY AND LAW GeneralEditors PaulduPlessis ThomasA.J.McGinn OXFORD STUDIES IN ROMAN SOCIETY AND LAW The aim of this monograph series is to create an interdisciplinary forum devoted to the interaction between legal history and ancient history, in the context of the study of Roman law. Focusing on the relationship of law to society, the volumes will cover the most significant periods of Roman law (up to the death of Justinian in 565) so as to provide a balanced view of growth, decline, and resurgence. Most importantly, the series will provoke general debate overtheextenttowhichlegalrulesshouldbeexaminedinlightofthe society which produced them in order to understand their purpose andefficacy. Localized Law The Babatha and Salome Komaise Archives KIMBERLEY CZAJKOWSKI 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©KimberleyCzajkowski2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016940836 ISBN 978–0–19–877733–5 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Acknowledgements This book is a revised version of my doctoral thesis and as such the list of people to thank for their help and support in the course of writing both the thesis and then the subsequent book version could run into very, very many pages. More and more names are always added to the list the longer the process continues. There will inevit- ablybethosewhomIfailtomention,despitetheirmeritingcopious thanks. Firstofall,IamofcoursegratefulfortheAHRC/MertonStudent- ship which made undertaking my DPhil possible; additional thanks are due to the Polonsky Foundation for funding a research trip to JerusaleminDecember2013throughtheGraduateWorkshoponthe AbrahamicReligions.Thanksarealsoduetomyassessorsatvarious points in the DPhil process—Amin Benaissa, Teresa Morgan and Georgy Kantor—and to my internal and external examiners, Alison SalvesenandJillHarries,bothformakingthevivaastimulatingand thoroughly enjoyable occasion, and for their invaluable comments and advice on how to turn the thesis into a monograph. Further thanks to Jill for her subsequent help with getting to that stage and seeminglyunendingsupportandencouragement.Anyfailuretoheed theiradvicefallsentirelyonmyownhead. ThanksalsogotoCarolineHumfressforbeingextremelygenerous with her forthcoming work and drafts of works-in-progress, and for her comments on the thesis and book proposal stages of this work. IamalsogratefultoPhilipEslerforlettingmeseeanearlyversionof hisforthcomingbookonBabatha. IamofcourseendlesslygratefultomysupervisorMartinGoodman forallhissupport,patience,encouragementandfeedbackduringthe course of my MSt and DPhil years, and the continuance of that support subsequently. I must also express my gratitude to Lutz Doering, my project leader at Münster, for being extremely patient withmyattemptstogetthebookrevisionsdonewhilesimultaneously working on the new project. A huge thank you too to Benedikt Eckhardt for critically reading an almost-but-not-quite-final version of the book manuscript, and for his general encouragement in the ensuingpanictogettotheyes-actually-finalstage. vi Acknowledgements Finally, I cannot recommend Tom McGinn and Paul du Plessis highly enough as series editors. If writing a book can be a stressful process, they made it a pleasurable one, always giving timely, inter- estingandilluminatingfeedbacktothevariousversionsofthemanu- scripttheyreceived,andgenerallygoingaboveandbeyondthecallof dutyinalltheireffortsandattention.Allerrorsetc.areofcoursemy ownbutTomandPaul:truly,thankyouboth. Contents ListofTables ix ListofAbbreviations xi Introduction 1 TheArchives 3 ‘Provincialization’andRomanLaw 14 Multi-Legalisms,‘LegalCulture’,anda‘Ground-Up’ Approach 17 TheArchiveswithinthisMulti-LegalApproach 22 1. BeginningtoReinterprettheArchives 25 TheTalesToldintheArchives 26 CaseStudies 38 ConcludingRemarks 59 2. TheScribes 60 ReasonsforHiringaScribe 62 TheIdentityoftheScribes 72 3. LegalAdvisors 88 LegalAdvisorsintheAncientWorld 89 TheArchives 93 ScribesandAdvisors:APurelyTerminological Distinction? 105 4. TheParties 107 TheNon-GreekDocuments 109 ThePointofChange 113 TheGreekDocuments 115 5. TheAlternativestotheAssizes? 133 LocalTribunals:ASocio-AnthropologicalPerspective 133 ThePossibleVenuesandAuthoritiesforAlternative LegalFora 137 LocalTribunalsandRomanImperialPower:Effects andInteraction 162 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,17/10/2016,SPi viii Contents 6. TheRomanOfficials 166 TheRomanGovernorintheProvinces 167 TheRomanGovernorintheArchives 187 TheSpectreoftheRomanCourt 197 Conclusion 199 Bibliography 207 GeneralIndex 233 IndexofSources 237 List of Tables 2.1. Identifiedscribesofdocumentswrittenbefore106CE 73 2.2. Identifiedscribesofnon-Greekdocumentswrittenafter 106CEintheBabathaarchive 75 2.3. IdentifiedscribesofGreekdocumentswrittenafter 106CEintheBabathaarchive 84 4.1. Thenon-GreekdocumentsintheBabathaandSalome Komaisearchiveswrittenafter106CE 110

Description:
In the early second century CE, two Jewish women, Babatha and Salome Komaise, lived in the village of Maoza on the southern coast of the Dead Sea. This was first part of the Nabataean Kingdom, but came under direct Roman rule in 106 CE as part of the province of Roman Arabia. The archives these two
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