Local planning : contemporary principles and practice

516 Pages·2009·9.475 MB·English

by  Hack, Gary

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Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice, the all-new n
edition of The Practice of Local Government Planning, focuses g
on emerging issues and future challenges, offering useful, current
examples of leading planning practices. This new edition helps
planners, and nonplanners who manage the work of planners, apply
well-reasoned strategic thinking to their planning challenges, and
helps students of the profession bridge theory and practice.
■■ A contemporary look at local planning for a new generation of
planners
■■ Contributors include a wide-ranging collection of voices—
academics, practitioners, clients, and observers of planning
■■ Recommended for preparation for the AICP exam Contemporary Principles
■■ Perfect for graduate level introductory planning classes
■■ Written for planning directors and nonplanners in both the private and Practice
and public sectors
ICMA Press is a leading publisher of books, reports, survey research,
Edited by
training materials, and other resources used by local government
Gary Hack
management professionals, municipal and county associations, and
colleges and universities. Eugénie L. Birch
Paul H. Sedway
Mitchell J. Silver
icma.org/press
ISBN 978-0-87326-148-7
43522
08-197

An ICMA Green Book
Contemporary Principles
and Practice
Edited by
Gary Hack
University of Pennsylvania
Eugénie L. Birch
University of Pennsylvania
Paul H. Sedway
Sedway Consulting
Mitchell J. Silver
Office of Planning
Raleigh, North Carolina
Published in cooperation with the American
Planning Association and University of
Pennsylvania School of Design
i
ICMA advances professional local government worldwide. Its mission is to create excellence in
local governance by developing and advancing professional management of local government.
ICMA, the International City/County Management Association, provides member support;
publications, data, and information; peer and results-oriented assistance; and training and
professional development to more than 9,000 city, town, and county experts and other indi-
viduals and organizations throughout the world. The management decisions made by ICMA’s
members affect 185 million individuals living in thousands of communities, from small vil-
lages and towns to large metropolitan areas.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Local planning : contemporary principles and practice / edited by Gary Hack ... [et al.].
p. cm. — (An ICMA green book)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-87326-148-7 (alk. paper)
1. City planning—United States. 2. Regional planning—United States. 3. Local
government—United States. I. Hack, Gary. II. International City/County Management
Association.
HT167.L63 2009
307.1’2160973—dc22
2008049505
Copyright © 2009 by the International City/County Management Association, 777 North
Capitol Street, N.E., Suite 500, Washington, D.C. 20002. All rights reserved, including rights
of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by
any photographic process, or by any electrical or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral
or sound or visual reproduction, or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device,
unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietor.
Printed in the United States of America
2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009
5 4 3 2 1
A b o u t t h e ed i t o r s
Gary Hack, AICP, is professor of urban design at the University of Pennsylvania, where
he served as dean of the School of Design from 1996 to 2008. He previously taught urban
design and served as head of the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Mas-
sachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has practiced planning and urban design for
over forty years—as a principal of Carr Lynch Hack and Sandell in Cambridge, as manager
of research and development for Canada’s housing and urban development agencies, as
chair of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission, and as a consultant to many govern-
ments and firms throughout the world. He is the coauthor of three books on site planning
and urban design, and the author of many articles. Educated as an architect and planner,
he has a PhD in city and regional planning from MIT and an honorary LLD from Dalhousie
University.
Eugénie L. Birch, FAICP, RTPI (hon), is Lawrence C. Nussdorf Professor of Urban
Research; chair, Graduate Group of City and Regional Planning, University of Pennsylvania
School of Design; codirector, Penn Institute for Urban Research (Penn IUR); and coeditor,
The City in the 21st Century series, University of Pennsylvania Press. Her most recent books
are Rebuilding Urban Places after Disaster: Lessons from Katrina (2006); Growing Greener
Cities (2008), coedited with Susan Wachter; and Urban and Regional Planning Reader
(2009). Her articles have appeared the Journal of the American Planning Association,
Journal of Planning Education and Research, Journal of Urban History, Journal of Plan-
ning History, and Planning Magazine. Professor Birch has served as president, Association
of Collegiate Schools of Planning; president, Society of American City and Regional Plan-
ning History; coeditor, Journal of the American Planning Association, and chair, Planning
Accreditation Board. She has been a commissioner on the New York City Planning Commis-
sion and a member of the jury to select the designers of the World Trade Center site.
Paul H. Sedway, FAICP, has been an urban planning consultant for fifty years. For twenty
years he was an adjunct lecturer with the College of Environmental Design at the University
of California at Berkeley. He received his undergraduate and law degrees from Harvard Uni-
versity, and a master’s degree in city planning from the University of California at Berkeley.
Mr. Sedway served as national vice president of the American Institute of Planners and was
later elected to the national board of directors of the American Planning Association (APA).
He was elected to the inaugural class of the College of Fellows of the American Institute of
Certified Planners in 1999, and received the National Distinguished Service Award from APA
and was named “Planner of the Year” by its California chapter.
Mitchell J. Silver, AICP, is director of city planning in Raleigh, North Carolina. An award-
winning planner with over twenty-three years of planning experience, he is nationally
recognized for his contributions to contemporary planning issues. Before coming to Raleigh
iii
iv About the Editors
in 2005, Mr. Silver served as policy and planning director in New York City, as a principal of
a New York City–based planning firm, as a town manager in New Jersey, and as deputy plan-
ning director in Washington, D.C. He is on the board of directors of the American Planning
Association (APA) and has served as president of the New York Metro Chapter of APA. He has
taught graduate planning courses at Hunter College, Brooklyn College, and Pratt Institute, and
will begin teaching a planning course at North Carolina State University in 2009. He received
a bachelor’s degree in architecture from Pratt Institute and a master’s degree in urban plan-
ning from Hunter College. He is licensed as a professional planner in New Jersey and certified
by the American Institute of Certified Planners.
ICMA’s “Green Books” (a designation derived from the original bright green cloth covers) have
a long history as the authoritative source on local government management. They are used by
local government managers in cities and counties worldwide, by university professors and stu-
dents as textbooks for undergraduate and graduate courses, and by public safety professionals
in preparation for promotional exams. The Green Books cover the range of local government
functions, linking the latest theories and research to specific examples of day-to-day decision
making and the nuts and bolts of management. Current titles in the Green Book series include
The Effective Local Government Manager
Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government
Local Government Police Management
Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice
Management Policies in Local Government Finance
Managing Fire and Rescue Services
Managing Local Government Services
Service Contracting: A Local Government Guide
C o n t e n t s
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
1 The value of planning 1
From townsite to metropolis / Eugénie L. Birch 3
Why communities plan / Frederick C. Collignon 23
Planners as leaders / Alexander Garvin 25
The authority to plan / Patricia E. Salkin 34
Property rights, planning, and the public interest / Jerold S. Kayden 37
Suburban planning in a market economy / Peter D. Salins 46
From urban renewal to regeneration / Karen B. Alschuler 52
American exceptionalism revisited / Bish Sanyal 54
2 The context for local planning 59
The anatomy and soul of a place / Mitchell J. Silver 61
Serving two masters: The legal context of local planning / Anna K. Schwab
and David J. Brower 66
Planning and the community context / David R. Godschalk 69
The environment and environmentalism / Lawrence Susskind 74
Sizing up the local economy / Robert H. Edelstein 80
Real estate and the local planning context / Lynne B. Sagalyn 84
The social context of planning / Dowell Myers 89
The future of metropolitan regions / Robert D. Yaro 94
3 Contemporary concerns of planning 101
Planning in the twenty-first century / Gary Hack 103
The climate for planning / David W. Orr 109
Planning for sustainability / Stephen M. Wheeler 111
Smart growth in brief / Gerrit-Jan Knaap and Terry Moore 117
Place making / Jonathan Barnett 122
Reclaiming the history of places / Randall Mason 127
Healthy cities / Anne Vernez Moudon 134
Reusing brownfields / Nancey Green Leigh 137
Planning for natural hazards / Robert B. Olshansky 140
v
vi Contents
Revitalizing older industrial cities / Jennifer S. Vey 144
Planning for creative places / J. Mark Schuster 146
Immigration and urban development / Ayse Pamuk 154
Gentrification / Lance Freeman 159
Boomburbs / Robert E. Lang 163
Top ten planning ideas / Peter Hall 165
4 Who plans? 173
The planner’s role / Eugénie L. Birch and Gary Hack 175
Regional councils and metropolitan planning organizations / David C. Soule 180
Reforming Chicago’s regional planning / Frank Beal 181
Regional transportation and development in Atlanta / Catherine L. Ross 183
A tale of two cities / Con Howe 185
Planners as private consultants / Leslie S. Pollock 188
Collaborating to prevent sprawl / Carey S. Hayo, Frances Chandler–Marino,
and Nancy Roberts 189
Consultants breaking molds / Christopher B. Leinberger 192
BIDs come of age / Paul R. Levy 193
Los Angeles’s Grand Avenue Authority / Martha Lampkin Welborne 196
Richmond’s Neighborhoods in Bloom / George C. Galster 199
CDCs and neighborhood intervention / Paul C. Brophy 204
The university and the city / Anthony Sorrentino 206
5 Making plans 211
Plans that fit the purpose / Barry Miller 213
Planning on a crowded stage / Lewis D. Hopkins 229
The planning process / Frederick C. Collignon 232
Civic engagement / Barbara Faga 234
Omaha by design / Jonathan Barnett 242
Planning Cheyenne / Matthew J. Ashby 249
Champaign’s system of plans / Bruce A. Knight 251
The Saint Paul on the Mississippi Development Framework / Ken Greenberg 253
Strategic planning for community transformation / John Shapiro 258
Renewing Washington’s neighborhoods / Julie Wagner 261
Stapleton’s public-private planning / Thomas A. Gougeon 266
6 Putting plans to work 271
Transforming policy into reality / Paul H. Sedway 273
Public-private partnerships / Lynne B. Sagalyn 282
Zoning codes: Form and function / Daniel R. Mandelker 287
Chicago’s zoning reform / Alicia Berg and Thomas P. Smith 291
Transferable development rights in San Francisco / George Williams 296
From zoning to smart growth / John D. Landis and Rolf Pendall 298
Regulating greenfield development / Thomas Jacobson 307
Preserving agricultural land / Thomas L. Daniels 312
Negotiated development / Robert H. Freilich 315
Design review / Brian W. Blaesser 319
Contents vii
Eminent domain / Dwight H. Merriam 325
The aftermath of Oregon’s Measure 37 / Robert Stacey 329
Financing public infrastructure / James B. Duncan 332
Impact assessment / Michael B. Teitz 335
7 Planning for urban systems 341
The systems of the city / Martin Wachs 343
Planning for global climate change / Timothy Beatley 350
Infrastructure planning / Paul R. Brown 356
Planning for accessibility / Randall Crane and Lois M. Takahashi 359
Twelve ideas for improving mobility / Susan Handy 364
Pedestrian and bicycle planning / Bruce S. Appleyard 366
Transit-oriented development / Robert Cervero 374
Promoting housing affordability / Rachel G. Bratt 377
Curitiba, Brazil: Systems planning pioneer / Evandro Cardoso dos Santos 385
The urban watershed / Rutherford H. Platt 388
Water in the urban environment / Thomas L. Daniels 392
Greenways and green infrastructure / Karen Hundt 400
Parks and recreation / John L. Crompton 403
Intelligent cities, virtual cities / Michael Batty 408
8 Managing planning 413
The planning manager / Steven A. Preston 415
Planners and politics / Roger S. Waldon 430
Planning ethics / W. Paul Farmer 433
Planning leadership / Paul Zucker 439
The role of the planning director / Fernando Costa 444
Diversity in the planning profession / Mitchell J. Silver 446
GIS and beyond / Richard K. Brail 449
Planners as communicators / Mitchell J. Silver and Barry Miller 456
For further reference 461
Contributors 477
Index 483
viii Contents
Sidebars Comprehensive Community Revitalization
Program: Principles for success 259
Chapter 1 The value of planning
Chapter 6 Putting plans to work
Treatment of local comprehensive plan
elements in model statutes 36 Types of public-private arrangements 283
Important cases in land use law 40 State growth management programs 299
Other influences on greenfield
Chapter 2 The context for local planning
development 310
The role of the federal government 66
Equity and just compensation 326
Leading state growth management
programs 68 Chapter 7 Planning for urban systems
The role of the champion 73 Essential urban systems 343
Environmentalism and sustainability 79 Externalities in urban planning 346
Limitations on the classification of economic Access and transportation planning 360
activity 81 Arlington County, Virginia: A transit-oriented
Input-output studies 82 success story 375
Externalities 83 Major issues in watershed management 390
The American Community Survey 89 The Safe Drinking Water Act 394
Institute for Urban Planning and Best management practices for construction
Development of the Paris Ile-de-France sites 397
Region 95 Clean Water Act programs that influence
The future of regionalism 98 urban water 399
Metropolitan visioning 99 Potential community-wide benefits of parks
and recreation services 406
Chapter 3 Contemporary concerns of
planning Chapter 8 Managing planning
Local governments and global warming 113 Planning management skills 416
Preparing brownfields for reuse 138 Leadership traits of effective planning
managers 417
Farmington’s Civic Theater 148
Components of a strategic planning
Revitalizing Paducah through the arts 150
process 420
The economic impact of the arts and
Budgetary approaches used in public
culture 153
agencies 421
Accidental cities 164
Compensation levels for planners 422
Chapter 4 Who plans?
Appraisal methods 423
No sidebars
“You want me to do what?” 432
Chapter 5 Making plans AICP Code of Ethics and Professional
Creating the technical foundation for Conduct 435
planning 215 APA Ethical Principles in Planning
The planning “family tree” 215 (excerpt) 438
Essential qualities of a comprehensive Sources of personal and organizational
plan 218 power 440
Downtown planning and market Leading from anywhere within an
demand 222 organization 442
Innovative communication strategies for Los Angeles Department of City Planning:
planning processes 236 Mission statement, vision, and strategic
points 443
Six essential elements of civic
engagement 238 Organizational efforts to promote diversity
and address critical needs 448
Transparency 239
Smart mobs 454
Planners’ terms or people’s words? 250
Eight steps to effective communication for
The Fact Sheet format 250
planners 458