Local Climate Governance in China: Hybrid Actors and Market Mechanisms

237 Pages·2012·2.55 MB·English

by  Miriam Schröder (auth.)

International Political Economy Series
General Editor: Timothy M. Shaww, Professor and Director, Institute of
International Relations, The University of the West Indies, Trinidad & Tobago
Titles include:
Dick Beason and Jason James
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF JAPANESE FINANCIAL MARKETS
Myths versus Reality
Mark Beeson
COMPETING CAPITALISMS
Australia, Japan and Economic Competition in the Asia-Pacific
Shaun Breslin
CHINA AND THE GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
Kenneth D. Bush
THE INTRA-GROUP DIMENSIONS OF ETHNIC CONFLICT IN SRI LANKA
Learning to Read between the Lines
Kevin G. Cai
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EAST ASIA
Regional and National Dimensions
THE POLITICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONALISM
Explaining Regional Economic Integration in East Asia
Gregory T. Chin
CHINA’S AUTOMOTIVE MODERNIZATION
The Party-State and Multinational Corporations
Yin-wah Chu (editorr)
CHINESE CAPITALISMS
Historical Emergence and Political Implications
Abdul Rahman Embong
STATE-LED MODERNIZATION AND THE NEW MIDDLE CLASS IN MALAYSIA
Takashi Inoguchi
GLOBAL CHANGE
A Japanese Perspective
Dominic Kelly
JAPAN AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF EAST ASIA
L. H. M. Ling
POSTCOLONIAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Conquest and Desire between Asia and the West
Pierre P. Lizée
PEACE, POWER AND RESISTANCE IN CAMBODIA
Global Governance and the Failure of International Conflict Resolution
S. Javed Maswood
JAPAN IN CRISIS
Ananya Mukherjee Reed
PERSPECTIVES ON THE INDIAN CORPORATE ECONOMY
Exploring the Paradox of Profits
CORPORATE CAPITALISM IN CONTEMPORARY SOUTH ASIA (editorr)
Conventional Wisdoms and South Asian Realities
Cecilia Ng
POSITIONING WOMEN IN MALAYSIA
Class and Gender in an Industrializing State
Fahimul Quadir and Jayant Lele (editors)
DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN ASIA: VOLUME 1
Globalization, Democracy and Civil Society in Asia
DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN ASIA: VOLUME 2
Democratic Transitions and Social Movements in Asia
Miriam Schröder
LOCAL CLIMATE GOVERNANCE IN CHINA
Hybrid Actors and Market Mechanisms
Ian Scott (editorr)
INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE AND THE POLITICAL TRANSITION IN HONG KONG
Mark Turner (editorr)
CENTRAL–LOCAL RELATIONS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
Convergence or Divergence?
Ritu Vij
JAPANESE MODERNITY AND WELFARE
State, Civil Society and Self in Contemporary Japan
Fei-Ling Wang
INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN CHINA
Premodernity and Modernization
Fulong Wu and Chris Webster (editors)
MARGINALIZATION IN URBAN CHINA
Comparative Perspectives
Xiaoke Zhang
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CAPITAL MARKET REFORMS IN SOUTH EAST
ASIA
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Local Climate Governance
in China
Hybrid Actors and Market Mechanisms
Miriam Schröder
Research Fellow, Potsdam University, Germany
© Miriam Schröder 2012
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-30161-0
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ISBN 978-1-349-33721-7 ISBN 978-1-137-00780-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137007803
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
Contents
List of Tables vi
List of Illustrations vii
List of Abbreviations ix
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction 1
Part I The Challenge
1 Climate Change as a New Challenge to
Environmental Governance in China 17
Part II The Performance of CDM Centers as
Semi-Public Agencies
2 The Need for Capacity Development in
the Early CDM Market 45
3 The Role of Agencies in Diffusing the CDM 75
4 A Case Study on the Performance of Four CDM Centers 95
5 The Role of Diffusion Catalysts 138
Part III Implications of Hybrid Actors for
Environmental Governance
6 The Blurring of the Public/Private Boundary 173
7 C onclusion: How to Make Hybrid Actors
Accountable for the Provision of Public Goods 191
Notes 202
References 203
Index 225
v
Tables
1.1 Total and per capita CO e emissions of China
2
in worldwide comparison in 2007 18
2.1 Overview of capacity needs in the early
Chinese CDM market 61
2.2 Mandates of selected CDM centers according
to their websites 70
2.3 Numerical and CER shares of projects developed by
selected CDM centers in 2010 74
3.1 Factors determining the effectiveness of market
facilitation organizations 82
4.1 Development of CDM projects by CDM centers
in October 2007 96
4.2 Overview of selected provincial capacity-development
programs 99
4.3 Comparison of CDM centers’ institutional structure 105
4.4 Comparison of types of training conducted by
CDM centers 121
5.1 Summary of CDM centers’ impact during different phases
of CDM diffusion and market development 141
5.2 Who is involved in what types of activity in
CDM market development 146
5.3 Advantages and disadvantages of private or
public structure for CDM project development 153
6.1 Possible hybrid models for CDM centers and
their effectiveness 188
7.1 Potential providers of public services: ownership
and incentives 197
vi
Illustrations
Map
4.1 Examples of Sino-foreign CDM capacity
development projects at the provincial level 100
Figures
2.1 China’s share of the global CDM market in terms of
total expected accumulated 2012 CERs 47
2.2 Breakdown of CDM project types in China 47
2.3 Share of CERs by CDM project type in China 48
2.4 Institutions for CDM governance at the national level 49
2.5 Competition between different state institutions 51
2.6 Share of total projects developed by different CDM
project developers operating in China 52
2.7 Business development of DOEs with a
large number of project validations in China 52
2.8 Total number of projects and GDP per capita
in Chinese provinces 56
2.9 CDM projects under validation developed by
CDM centers 73
3.1 Possible factors influencing CDM
centers’ effectiveness 94
4.1 Timing of donor programs supporting CDM centers 101
4.2 Structure of Ningxia CDM center 103
4.3 Structure of Gansu CDM center 104
4.4 C omparison of change in CDM awareness
among potential project owners 114
4.5 Comparison of change in CDM awareness
among government officials 116
4.6 Comparison of change in CDM awareness
among financial institutions 118
4.7 Assessment of the CDM capacity of CDM center staff 128
4.8 Number of projects undergoing validation developed
by CDM centers 130
vii
viii List of Illustrations
4.9 Ningxia CDM center’s market share of projects 131
4.10 Gansu CDM center’s market share of projects 131
4.11 Hunan CDM center’s market share of projects 131
4.12 Y unnan CDM center’s market share of projects 132
4.13 C omparison of CDM projects under review/rejected,
EB registered, and at validation stage 133
5.1 CDM centers’ projects at validation as a share of
total projects in China 142
5.2 Effectiveness of the CDM centers for
CDM diffusion and market development 157
6.1 The merging of private and public actors into hybrids
in OECD countries 178
6.2 Disentanglement of hybrids into private and public
actors in transitional economies 179
7.1 Traditional and hybrid actor types in environmental
governance 199
Abbreviations
ACCA 21 Administrative Center for China’s Agenda 21
ADB Asian Development Bank
AFD Agence Française de Développement
BDS centers Business development service centers
CCB Climate, Community and Biodiversity (standards)
CCICED China Council on International Cooperation for
Environment and Development
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CER Certified emission reduction
CIC China Investment Corporation
CIDA Canadian International Development Agency
CNY Chinese yuan
DFAIT (Canadian) Department of Foreign Affairs and
International Trade
DNA Designated national authority
DNV Det Norske Veritas
DOE Designated operational entity
DRC Development and Reform Commission
EB Executive board
EPB Environmental Protection Bureau
ERPA Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement
EU ETS European Union Emission Trading Scheme
FDI Foreign direct investment
GDP Gross domestic product
GEI Global Environmental Institute
GHG Greenhouse gas
GIZ German International Cooperation
HFC Hydrofluorocarbon
IMET Italian Ministry for Environment and Territory
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IRR Internal rate of return
KIBS Knowledge-intensive business services
KISA Knowledge-intensive service activities
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MEP Ministry of Environmental Protection
MFO Market facilitation organization
ix