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Living with Transition in Laos Market Intergration in Southeast Asia (Routledgecurzon Contemporary Southeast Asia Series) PDF

241 Pages·2005·2.53 MB·English
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Living with Transition in Laos Laos-the Lao People’s Democratic Republic—is one of the least understood and studied countries of Asia. It’s development trajectory is also one of the most interesting as it negotiates the transition from subsistence to dependence, from command to market and, in the longer term the government hopes, from poverty to prosperity. A node of poverty lying at the geographical core of the world’s most dynamic region, Laos is being progressively drawn into the wider Greater Mekong sub-region. The spatial, market and mental integration of the population of Laos is advancing as boundaries become more permeable, mobility rises and, more generally, as people are drawn into the mainstream. Drawing on original field work and unpublished reports, and taking an individual and household viewpoint, the book examines and assesses the effects of these transitions on poverty, inequalityp and livelihoods. Jonathan Rigg is a geographer based at the University of Durham and, formerly, at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London. He has been working on issues of development in Southeast Asia since the early 1980s, with a focus on agrarian and rural transitions in Thailand and Laos. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series Land Tenure, Conservation and Development in Southeast Asia Peter Eaton The Politics of Indonesia-Malaysia Relations One kin, two nations Joseph Chinyong Liow Governance and Civil Society in Myanmar Education, health and environment Helen James Regionalism in Post-Suharto Indonesia Edited by Maribeth Erb, Priyambudi Sulistiyanto and Carole Faucher Living with Transition in Laos Market integration in Southeast Asia Jonathan Rigg Living with Transition in Laos Market integration in Southeast Asia Jonathan Rigg LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2005 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.” © 2005 Jonathan Rigg All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-00203-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-415-35564-8 (Print Edition) Contents List of illustrations vii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvi List of abbreviations and terms xviii 1 Managing and coping with transitions 1 17 PART I Setting the context 2 New poverty and old poverty: livelihoods and transition in Laos 18 3 Subsistence affluence or subsistence struggle? Unpicking tradition and 40 illuminating the past 4 Poverty, inequality and exclusion 67 95 PART II Constructing the case 5 The best of intentions: policy-induced poverty 96 6 Not in our hands: market-induced poverty and social differentiation 118 7 Making livelihoods work 140 168 PART III Putting it together 8 Muddled spaces, juggled lives 169 Appendices 1 Summary information on published and unpublished field studies mentioned 184 in text 2 Table relating to Chapter 2 187 3 Table and figures relating to Chapter 3 188 4 Tables and figures relating to Chapter 4 191 5 Table and figure relating to Chapter 7 196 Bibliography 198 Index 212 Illustrations Plates 1.1 Household interview, Sang Thong district (2001) 6 1.2 Participatory mapping exercise, Tulakhom district (2002) 6 1.3 Drawing a timeline, Tulakhom district (2002) 7 1.4 Preparing for a group discussion, Tulakhom district (2002) 7 2.1 The market comes to Sang Thong (2001) 27 3.1 Elephant tusks being carried to market, depicted in the late 46 nineteenth century murals of Wat Phumin in the northern Thai town of Nan 3.2 Transport in Sang Thong district (2001) 48 3.3 Lowland wet rice fields and upland dry fields, Pak Ou district, 52 Luang Prabang (2002) 3.4 Lowland rice fields, Ban Nam Ang, Tulakhom district, 57 Vientiane (2002) 3.5 Shifting cultivation and cleared hillsides, Pak Ou district, 61 Luang Prabang (2002) 3.6 NTFPs in Vientiane’s morning market (talaat sao) (2003) 64 B3.1 The Lao rural idyll? Ban Pak Chek, Pak Ou district, Luang 45 Prabang (2002) 4.1 A classroom and pupils, Ban Ang Noi, Sang Thong (2001) 88 B4.1 Ban Mae Nam Mai, Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand (2000) 84 5.1 Development project, in the form of clean water, comes to Ban 99 Huay Luang, Pak Ou district (2002) 5.2 Buat paa in northern Thailand—the ‘ordination’ of trees as a 105 form of counter-territorialisation (2000) 5.3 Ban Nong Hai Kham, a resettlement village in Tulakhom 109 district where women and men juggle activities to meet their needs (2002) 5.4 The lowland rice fields of Ban Nam Ang (2002) 115 B5.1 Monastery at Ban Lathahair (2001) 101 B5.2 Territorialisation—a map of village lands, Ban Kop Pherng, 103 Sang Thong (2001) 6.1 The road to Sang Thong (2001) 122 6.2 A rotavator in Ban Kop Pherng (2001) 129 6.3 The Friendship Bridge 134 6.4 Crossing the Mekong to Thailand is becoming increasingly 135 important for villagers in Sang Thong district (2001) 6.5 Having a young family stymies attempts at widening livelihood 137 footprints beyond the local area, Ban Nong Hai Kham, Tulakhom district (2002) 7.1 New off-farm opportunities for young women in villages like 149 Ban Phon Hai have become important contributors to household livelihoods (2002) Figures 1.1 Map of Laos 4 1.2 Map of primary research sites 5 1.3 Map of research sites drawn from secondary sources noted in 10- text 12 2.1 Economic Performance, Lao PDR (1992–2004) 23 B2.1 The peoples of Laos represented on the 1,000-kip note 29 3.1a Percentage of surveyed villagers who have or are working in 49 Thailand, Saravan and Xayabouri provinces (2001) 3.1b Number and sex of surveyed villagers who have or are 50 working in Thailand, Saravan and Xayabouri provinces (2001) 3.2 The regional human resource economy: migration routes in 51 the Greater Mekong Subregion 3.3a Sources of income by income class, Hune district, Oudomxai 54 (1997) 3.3b Sources of income by income class, Khanthabouri district, 55 Savannakhet (1997) 3.4 Rice sufficiency on the Nakai Plateau, by ethnic group 60 (1997) 4.1 Estimates of poverty in Laos using the LECS II data set 72 (1997–1998) 4.2 Incidence of poverty, by region (1997–1998) 73

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