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Living on a Credit Line {margin−bottom:0in;} −−> LIVING ON THE CREDIT LINE REFORM AND ADAPTATION IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES, 1960−1992 Abdalla Uba Adamu 4 Living on a Credit Line The Edwin Mellen Press Studies in African Higher Education Series New York 5 Living on a Credit Line Publication Data: Adamu, A. U. Living on Credit Line: Reform and Adaptation in Nigerian Universities, 1960−1992. Lewiston, NY: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1994. Studies in African Higher Education Series © The Edwin Mellen Press, 1993 Author Contact: 6 Living on a Credit Line Dr. Abdalla Uba Adamu Department of Education Bayero University Kano P. M. B. 3011 Kano State NIGERIA April 1994 Fax: 234−64− 647−010 234−64−669−051 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface.......................................................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements.................................................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER 1................................................................................................................................................................ 1 7 Living on a Credit Line CONVERGING TO DIVERGENCE: THE REFORM PROCESS IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES............... 1 Parameters of Reform and Nigerian Universities................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2................................................................................................................................................................. 12 EDUCATION AND SOCIETY: NIGERIAN AND AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES............................................. 12 EDUCATION AND SOCIETY: NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVES............................................................................ 12 The Search for an Educational Policy...................................................................................................................... 22 The Emergence of a National Policy on EducationXE "National Policy on Education"................................. 28 EDUCATION SOCIETY: AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES................................................................................... 35 Social Pressures and School Reform....................................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 3................................................................................................................................................................. 42 THE EMERGENCE OF THE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY......................................................................................... 42 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Rise and Decline of the Yaba Higher College......................................................................................................... 42 The Emergence of the University College, IbadanXE "University College, Ibadan", 1945−1962................... 44 American Aid Agencies and Nigerian Educational Development...................................................................... 50 Table 3.1....................................................................................................................................................................... 51 Nigerian Students in American and British Universities, 1975−89....................................................................... 51 The Ashby Paradigm and Nigerian Higher Education, 1960−1980...................................................................... 54 8 Living on a Credit Line The Structure and Evaluation of the University Curricula, 1948−1988................................................................ 63 Nigerian Higher Education After the Ashby Commission................................................................................... 65 CHAPTER 4................................................................................................................................................................. 67 THE EMERGENCE OF THE AMERICAN UNDERGRADUATE CURRICULUM............................................ 67 The Curriculum That Came From The Old: General StudiesXE "General Studies" in American Universities 67 Organization of Knowledge...................................................................................................................................... 76 The Credit As A Unit of Measuring Undergraduate Learning............................................................................ 77 Credit Criticisms.......................................................................................................................................................... 81 Trends in American Undergraduate Education in the 1980s............................................................................... 85 CHAPTER 5................................................................................................................................................................. 92 THE SCHOOL AND THE UNIVERSITY: NIGERIAN AND AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES............................ 92 THE SCHOOL AND THE UNIVERSITY: NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVES.............................................................. 92 School of Preliminary Studies................................................................................................................................... 94 Reform in School To University Transition, 1978−1988........................................................................................ 96 THE SCHOOL AND THE UNIVERSITY: AMERICAN PERSPECTIVES....................................................... 105 Transition to the University...................................................................................................................................... 108 Negotiating Entrance to the University.................................................................................................................. 111 9 Living on a Credit Line Inside the University.................................................................................................................................................. 113 Providing Breadth and Depth................................................................................................................................... 115 Making Major Decisions........................................................................................................................................... 117 Getting a Credit in Learning...................................................................................................................................... 118 CHAPTER 6................................................................................................................................................................ 121 GENESIS TO REVELATION: REFORM AND ADAPTATIONXE "Adaptation" IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY CURRICULAR STRUCTURE, 1960−1988............................................................................................................................................ 121 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 121 The First Wave: Aid Agencies and Nigerian University System....................................................................... 121 The Second Wave: Reform and Innovation........................................................................................................... 125 Breaking the Mold: The New Universities and the Reform Process................................................................... 134 Northern Universities and the Reform process...................................................................................................... 136 Table 6.1...................................................................................................................................................................... 142 Percentage of Expatriate Academic Staff in Selected Nigerian Universities, 1980−85...................................... 142 TABLE 6.2................................................................................................................................................................... 146 TRAINING OF NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY ACADEMICS..................................................................................... 146 Autonomy and Control: The National Universities Commission........................................................................ 147 10 Living on a Credit Line Table 6.3...................................................................................................................................................................... 150 Nigerian Universities,1989......................................................................................................................................... 150 Private UniversitiesXE "Private Universities" in Nigeria (1983).......................................................................... 152 Table 6.4...................................................................................................................................................................... 154 PRIVATE UNIVERSITIESXE "Private Universities" IN NIGERIA, MARCH−DECEMBER 1983............. 154 CHAPTER 7................................................................................................................................................................ 162 GATHERING THE MOMENTUM: MASS SCALE REFORM IN THE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY CURRICULAR STRUCTURE, 1988−1994............................................................................................................................................................................... 162 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 162 General Studiesxe "General Studies" in Nigerian Universities............................................................................ 162 The Core of the Matter: Curricula Relevance and the University System in Nigeria....................................... 166 The Emergence of Minimum Academic Standardsxe "Minimum Academic Standards" (MACS) and the Credit System in Nigerian Universities.................................................................................................................................................................. 169 The Evaluative Mechanism of the Minimum Academic Standards.................................................................... 175 An Intrinsic Analysis of the Minimum Academic Standardsxe "Minimum Academic Standards" Documents 182 The Structure and Emphases of the Minimum Academic Standardsxe "Minimum Academic Standards" Guidelines 182 Table 7.1...................................................................................................................................................................... 185 11 Living on a Credit Line Table 7.2...................................................................................................................................................................... 187 MINIMUM GRADUATING REQUIREMENTS IN ARTS.................................................................................... 187 General Studiesxe "General Studies" and the Minimum Academic Standards................................................. 188 Table 7.3...................................................................................................................................................................... 190 PERCENTAGE CREDIT REQUIREMENTS FOR GENERAL STUDIESxe "General Studies"......................... 190 Breadth and Depth in the Minimum Academic Standardsxe "Minimum Academic Standards" Guidelines 192 Table 7.4...................................................................................................................................................................... 193 ELECTIVE REQUIREMENTS IN SCIENCES.......................................................................................................... 193 CHAPTER 8................................................................................................................................................................. 196 LIVING ON THE CREDIT LINE: THE MANAGEMENT OF CREDIT COURSE UNIT CURRICULAR REFORM IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES............................................................................................................................................................ 196 Introduction................................................................................................................................................................. 196 General Studiesxe "General Studies" in Nigerian Universities............................................................................ 196 The Course Unit Systemxe "Course Unit System" in Nigerian Universities..................................................... 200 The Management of Reform2................................................................................................................................... 206 Program Structure2..................................................................................................................................................... 208 Students, Political Stability and Course Unit System........................................................................................... 214 12 Living on a Credit Line Examinations, Tradition and the Course Unit System........................................................................................... 221 Innovative Communications: Information Technology and the Course Unit System..................................... 224 Coda to the Reform Movement: The Accreditationxe "Accreditation" of Nigerian University Curricula.... 233 CHAPTER 9................................................................................................................................................................. 241 THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY CURRICULUM: TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS 241 Theoretical Perspectives and Nigerian University Curricula Transformation................................................... 241 Aid Agencies and Nigerian University System: Towards a Synthesis............................................................ 244 AccreditationXE "Accreditation" of the Nigerian University Curricula............................................................ 247 Labor Market and the Nigerian Graduate................................................................................................................ 248 Nowhere, Now Here: The Future of Nigerian University Reform........................................................................ 249 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................................................. 252 BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................................................... 258 INDEX.......................................................................................................................................................................... 283 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Nigerian Students in American and British Universities, 1975−89 61 Table 6.1 13
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