Living Marine Legacy of Gwaii Haanas. II

349 Pages·2011·20.39 MB·English

Parks Canada-Technical Reports in Ecosystem Science
Parcs Canada-Rapports techniques en matière de sciences des écosystèmes
Living Marine Legacy of Gwaii Haanas. II:
Marine Invertebrate Baseline to 2000 and
Invertebrate-related Management Issues
N.A. Sloan, P.M. Bartier and W.C. Austin
December, 2001
Report 035
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Parks Canada - Technical Reports in Ecosystem Science
Report 035
Living Marine Legacy
of Gwaii Haanas. II:
Marine Invertebrate Baseline to 2000 and
Invertebrate-related Management Issues
by
N.A. Sloan1, P.M. Bartier1 and W.C. Austin2
December, 2001
1 Ecosystem Management Section
Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve / Haida Heritage Site
Box 37, Queen Charlotte, B.C. v0t 1s0
2 Marine Ecology Station / Khoyatan Marine Laboratory
9835 Seaport Place, Sidney, B.C. v8l 4x3
PARKS CANADA • TECHNICAL REPORTS IN ECOSYSTEM SCIENCE • SLOAN, BARTIER, AUSTIN 2001
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Sloan, N.A., 1949 -
Living marine legacy of Gwaii Haanas. II: Marine invertebrate baseline to 2000 and
invertebrate-related management issues
(Parks Canada – Technical Reports in Ecosystem Science; no. 35)
Includes an abstract in French.
Includes bibliographical references.
issn 1200-3298; report no. 35
isbn 0-662-31048-9
Catalogue No. r61-2/19-35-2001e
1. Marine invertebrates – British Columbia – Queen Charlotte Islands.
2. Marine invertebrates – British Columbia – Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve.
3. Biotic communities – British Columbia – Queen Charlotte Islands.
4. Biotic communities – British Columbia – Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve.
5. Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve (B.C.) – Management.
i. Bartier, P. (Patrick), 1960-.
ii. Austin, W. C. (William Carey), 1936-.
iii. Parks Canada. Atlantic Region.
iv. Title
v. Series: Technical reports in ecosystem science ; no. 35.
ql365.4c3S56 2001 333.95’5’097112 c2001-980275-7
Published by authority of the Minister of Canadian Heritage
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by
the Chief Executive Officer of Parks Canada, 2001
ii
Table of Contents
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii
Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Parks Canada’s Marine Inventory History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Information Technology, Systematics, Taxonomy and Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Information Sources and Caveats on Information Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
Incorrect Identifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Disconnected Names and Lost Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
Errors in Sample Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Missing Data and Specimens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
Database Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Mapping Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Aboriginal Uses, Names and Stories of Marine Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
Invertebrates as Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Haida, Abalone Shell and Sea Otter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Marine Invertebrate Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Haida Gwaii Region . . . . . . 31
Species Biodiversity and Inventory in Marine Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Regional Marine Invertebrate Zoology History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Regional Marine Invertebrate Species Biodiversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Regional Marine Invertebrate Biogeography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Broad-scale Northeast Pacific Marine Area Delineation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
British Columbia & Haida Gwaii Marine Ecosystem Delineation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Hecate Strait Sponge Bioherms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Marine Invertebrates Introduced to Haida Gwaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
Marine Habitat-Invertebrate Relations in Haida Gwaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Estuarine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Nearshore (intertidal and shallow subtidal) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Continental Shelf Including Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound . . . 71
Continental Slope and Offshore Benthic (deep-sea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Offshore Pelagic (open ocean) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Marine Invertebrate Fisheries (Shellfisheries) of the Haida Gwaii Region . . . . . . . . . .74
New Directions for Fisheries Within Marine Area Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
Why Discuss Marine Invertebrate Fishing? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Shellfish Management and Policy Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Evolving Mandates and Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
The Shellfish Advisory Process: Science and Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
Management and Information Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Pacific Fisheries Management Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
Stock Assessment and Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Haida Fisheries Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
Recreational Invertebrate Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
iii
Commercial Invertebrate Fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Razor Clam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
Geoduck Clam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
Dungeness Crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
Prawn (by trap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Red Sea Urchin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
Northern Abalone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
Horse Clams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Intertidal Clams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Octopus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Offshore Neon Flying Squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Inshore Opal Squid and Continental Shelf Red Squid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
Shrimp (by trawl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109
King Crab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Goose Barnacle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Tanner Crabs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Green Sea Urchin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
Sea Cucumber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Shellfisheries Management Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Socioeconomic Overview of Haida Gwaii Shellfisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Public Health and Safety of Seafood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
Paralytic Shellfish Poison (PSP) Biotoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Amnesic Shellfish Poison (ASP) Biotoxin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Shellfish Growing Water Quality (fecal contamination) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
Contribution of Marine Invertebrate Issues to Gwaii Haanas’ Management . . . . . . . . 122
Marine Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122
Monitoring Invertebrates in Gwaii Haanas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Marine Tourism and Visitor Effects on Intertidal Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
The Contribution of Shellfisheries to Marine Area Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Zoning, Fishing and Refugia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Insights Provided by Shellfish Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Case Study: Northern Abalone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Case Study: Geoduck Clam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Case Study: Sea Otter – Shellfish Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Epilogue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Literature Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Appendix A Museums and Individuals Contacted in the Preparation of this Report . .191
Appendix B The Attributes of each Element in the Working Database . . . . . . . . . . . .194
Appendix C Haida Names of Marine Invertebrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197
Appendix D Marine Invertebrate Species Recorded from the Haida Gwaii Region . . 202
Appendix E Bibliography of the References Listed in Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Appendix F Marine Invertebrate Species for which the Haida Gwaii Region is their
Type Locality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
iv
List of Figures
Figure 1. Location of Gwaii Haanas within Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands)
including place names mentioned in the text. The 200 m depth contour (isobath) is shown
in bold and demarcates the edge of the continental shelf before the steep decline of the
continental slope into the deep ocean. Where the isobath touches the land is an artifact
from this uncharted section of coast; these are the best data available from the Canadian
Hydrographic Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of an overall database structure showing all the relationships
between the database element tables (information types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the actual database structure we used to accommodate the
relationships between the element tables(information types). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Figure 4. Locations of the 18 Ganxiid (Kunghit Island-area Haida) archaeological
excavation sites in southern Gwaii Haanas (based on maps published by Acheson 1998).
Acheson (1998) used the Borden system for archaeological site identification based on
geographical coordinates and the order of discovery. Parks Canada does not use the
Borden system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 5. The 104 shore observation locations from which marine invertebrate data were
recorded in the coastal biophysical inventory of Gwaii Haanas in 1992 by Harper et al.
(1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 6. Observation locations from surveys of the Gwaii Haanas area commissioned by
Environment Canada – Parks in the 1980s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Figure 7. Sample locations of nearshore Haida Gwaii region marine surveys from which
marine invertebrates were reported - 1878 to 1957. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Figure 8. Sample locations of nearshore Haida Gwaii region marine surveys from which
marine invertebrates were reported – 1958 to 1999. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Figure 9. Sample locations of offshore (continental shelf to deep-sea) Haida Gwaii region
marine surveys from which marine invertebrates were reported – 1888 to 1999. The
International Fisheries Commission (established 1924) was renamed the International
Pacific Halibut Commission in 1953. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
Figure 10. Scientific dredging locations of the Fisheries Research Board (now the Science
Branch of DFO) in the Haida Gwaii region, 1960 to 1972 (from Bernard et al. 1967, 1968,
1970; Bernard and Quayle 1973). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 11. Map of all sample sites from the northeast Pacific Ocean in the Gwaii Haanas
database from which marine invertebrates (benthic, pelagic, parasitic) have been reported.
The continental shelf edge (200 m depth contour) and other depth contours to 4,000 m are
shown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
v
Figure 12. Map of the northeast Pacific showing boundaries of the Gulf of Alaska Large
Marine Ecosystem (from Sherman 1994). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Figure 13. Depth contours (isobaths) of the Haida Gwaii region with the continental shelf
edge at 200 m depth. Also illustrated is the Queen Charlotte Fault. Depth contours
(isobaths) are generated from Canadian Hydrographic Service data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Figure 14. The relative sea level in the Gwaii Haanas area over the last 14,000 years; note
that the Richardson Island archaeological site of coastal human habitation (~9,000 years
B.P.) is at 15 m above the current sea level (from Fedje and Christensen 1999). . . . . . . 56
Figure 15. Pacific marine Ecoprovinces and Ecoregions of the whole coast of British
Columbia based on the British Columbia Marine Ecosystem Classification System (from
Zacharias et al. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Figure 16. Pacific marine Ecosections of the whole coast of British Columbia based on the
British Columbia Marine Ecosystem Classification System (from Zacharias et al. 1998). . 58
Figure 17. Pacific marine Ecounits of the northern coast of British Columbia based on the
British Columbia Marine Ecosystem Classification System (from Zacharias et al. 1998). . 60
Figure 18. Distributions of the goose barnacle (Pollicipes polymerus) and two algae species
particularly characteristic of rocky intertidal shores that are highly exposed to wave action
around Haida Gwaii (plant data from Sloan and Bartier 2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Figure 19. The locations of sponge bioherms in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound
(Conway et al. 1991; and courtesy of K. Conway, Geological Survey of Canada). The 200 m
depth contour showing the edge of the continental shelf is provided. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Figure 20. The location of the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound sponge bioherms
superimposed on local Ecosection and Ecounit boundaries. The Ecosections around the
bioherms are identified by their 5-letter codes depicting, in sequence: exposure/depth/
relief/currents/substrate. Note that all start with H for high exposure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Figure 21. Combination of terrestrial (topographic) and marine (bathymetric) basic
elevation data from Werner Bay, Juan Perez Sound showing the poor data coverage in the
intertidal and shallow subtidal. White smudges in the sea are areas of thin depth data
coverage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Figure 22. Fisheries and Oceans Canada Pacific Fisheries Management Areas (PFMAs) for
the �“north coast” of British Columbia, north of Cape Caution (PFMA boundary file
courtesy of B. Mason and M. Manson, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Figure 23. Pacific Fisheries Management Area (PFMA) sub-areas of Haida Gwaii for the
region south of Skidegate Inlet including Gwaii Haanas (PFMA boundary file courtesy of B.
Mason and M. Manson, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
vi
Figure 24. Pacific Fisheries Management Area (PFMA) sub-areas of Haida Gwaii for the
region of Skidegate Inlet and northward including Langara Island (PFMA boundary file
courtesy of B. Mason and M. Manson, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Figure 25. An example of an “area management” polygon for geoduck superimposed over
PFMA sub-area boundaries in the Louise to Lyell Islands area of Gwaii Haanas (data
courtesy of J. Rogers, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Figure 26. An example of an “area management” polygon for red sea urchin superimposed
over PFMA sub-area boundaries in the southern Gwaii Haanas area (data courtesy of J.
Rogers, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Figure 27. Percentage of the Haida Gwaii Geoduck Management Areas (GMAs) surveyed
for geoduck stock assessment as of 2000 (data courtesy of M. James and G. Dovey,
Underwater Harvesters’ Association; C. Hand, DFO; R Jones and B. De Freitas, HFP).
Approximately 46% of the estimated area of geoduck beds have been surveyed. . . . . . . 94
Figure 28. Dungeness crab: areas closed to commercial harvest in Haida Gwaii for seasonal
protection of soft-shelled (post-moult) crabs, and for enabling Aboriginal (Haida) and
recreational allocation (Jamieson and Lessard 2000; and courtesy of G. Jamieson, DFO). 98
Figure 29. Red sea urchin and green sea urchin: areas closed to commercial harvest in
Haida Gwaii for Aboriginal (Haida) allocation for food, social and ceremonial, for
unspecified general, or for research purposes (Jamieson and Lessard 2000; and courtesy of
G. Jamieson, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Figure 30. Proposed northern abalone stewardship areas for Haida Gwaii. Haida Gwaii
Watchman camps are operated by the Council of the Haida Nation from approximately
May to September to protect the natural and cultural heritage, provide visitor interpretation
and enable fisheries surveillance at historical Haida village sites and their nearby areas.
The northern Watchman camps are managed by the Haida Fisheries Program out of Old
Massett village and the southern Watchman camps are managed by the Watchman Program
out of Skidegate village. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Figure 31. Locations of trawling (mid-points for hauls) and trapping (at 500 to 1900 m
depth) for Tanner crabs off the west coast of Haida Gwaii and in Queen Charlotte Sound,
summer 2000 (courtesy of G. Workman and J. Boutillier, DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Figure 32. Bivalve shellfish areas closed to harvest in Haida Gwaii because of fecal coliform
contamination of area waters (Jamieson and Lessard 2000; and courtesy of G. Jamieson,
DFO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Figure 33. Models of northern abalone and Dungeness crab larval replenishment (adapted
from the concepts of Carr and Reed (1993)). Ellipses are isolated adult populations. Bold
solid lines indicate highest recruitment rates within and/or between ellipses and dotted
lines indicate lowest recruitment rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
vii
List of Tables
Table 1. New’s criteria for an invertebrate inventory matched with compliance statements
according to this inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Table 2. Collections of marine invertebrates from the Haida Gwaii region listed according
to institution with information on our methods of data collection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 3. Examples of changing names of two mollusk species over time that can cause
disconnection in species databases. Museums are listed where that particular name occurs
in their current collection database. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
Table 4. Marine invertebrate species names first mentioned from Haida Gwaii but
subsequently nt found in the contemporary literature or in databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 5. Marine invertebrates eaten by the Haida according to Ellis and Wilson (1981). 24
Table 6. The percentage weight of total invertebrate shell remains excavated from 18
Kunghit Island-area Haida sites in southern Gwaii Haanas (extrapolated from data in
Acheson 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Table 7. Number of marine invertebrate species from the Northeast Pacific area, whole
British Columbia coast and the Haida Gwaii region listed according to phylum. . . . 46
Table 8. Marine invertebrate species reported only from the Haida Gwaii region. All are
confirmed as to the Haida Gwaii region being their type locality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Table 9. Marine invertebrate species from the Haida Gwaii region that have “listed” status
at the Conservation Data Centre, Victoria, B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Table 10. Broad-brush ocean “sectors” as defined by Steele (1998) compared to the “marine
habitat” types of British Columbia identified by Tunnicliffe (1993). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Table 11. Pacific marine Ecosections of the Haida Gwaii region and their justification
criteria according to the British Columbia Marine Ecosystem Classification System (from
Zacharias et al. 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table 12. Intertidal invertebrates used with exposure, substrate and tidal zone, to
discriminate community types from aerial photographs (from Harper et al. 1994). Sand and
sand/gravel in exposure classes VE through SE are excluded as they had no visible biota.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Table 13. Marine invertebrate species either introduced to Haida Gwaii or those whose
introduction was discussed, attempted or done for mariculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Table 14. Main recreational (“sport”) invertebrate fisheries of Haida Gwaii. . . . . . . . . . .89
Table 15. Major commercial invertebrate fisheries of Haida Gwaii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
viii