Living in Limbo: Conflict-Induced Displacement in Europe and Central Asia

214 Pages·2004·0.7 MB·English

by  Steven B. Holtzman, Taies Nezam

Conflict-Induced
he conflicts in Eur Displacement
1990s left in their wa
Tdisplaced persons. Ev LIVING in Europe and
br
remain caught between two w Central Asia
time, they f
Long-term,
operational chalenges for dev IN
reduction. Living in Limbo
induced vulnerability along se
being, employment, shelter,
on the authors’ field work as w
and pover LIMBO
induced vulnerability,
r
and humanitarian agencies.
Steven B. Holtzman
Taies Nezam
ISBN: 0-8213-5850-2
Living in Limbo
Living in Limbo
conflict-induced
displacement in europe
and central asia
Steven B. Holtzman
Taies Nezam
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C.
© 2004 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /
The World Bank
1818 H Street, NW
Washington, DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail:
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Executive Summary xi
1. Introduction 1
Objectives and Scope 4
Discussing Numbers of DPs 5
From Humanitarianism to Poverty Reduction 9
Definitions of Terminology 11
Organization of the Study 16
2. Material Well-Being 21
Consumption 23
Transfers 27
Unconventional Public and Private Transfers 32
Conclusions 34
3. Employment 39
Formal Employment 40
Agriculture (Land and Livestock) 43
Unemployment 47
Obstacles to Employment 49
Conclusions 57
4. Settlement Patterns and Shelter Situations 61
Initial Shelter Situations 62
Settlement Patterns 63
v
vi contents
Implications of Settlement Patterns 66
Shelter Situations 67
Conclusions 77
5. Human Capital 81
Demographics 81
Education 83
Health 87
Psychosocial Issues 88
Differential Impacts on Gender and Age Groups 95
Conclusions 99
6. Social Capital 103
Social Cohesion within DP Communities 105
Links to Host Societies 112
Choices in Social Networks 115
Conclusions 116
7. States and Displaced Populations 119
Factors Influencing State Response 121
Public Institutions 124
Conclusions 131
8. Conclusions 135
Specific Key Findings 137
The Political Will to Depoliticize Displacement 144
Annex 1: Development Programming and
Conflict-Induced Displacement 149
Poverty Diagnostics and Tools 149
Integration of DPs into Social Safety Nets 154
Issues in Social Service Delivery in Displacement
Situations in the Europe and Central Asia Region 157
Displaced Populations and CDD (Community-Based
Programming, Municipal Development, Area-Based
Development) 159
Housing and Shelter 162
Annex 2: Methodology 165
Bibliography 169
Index 183
contents vii
boxes
2.1 Kosovar Refugees and Remittances 32
3.1 Continuity in Public Employment during Displacement 42
3.2 Access to Assets in Areas of Origin 44
3.3 Moveable Assets 45
3.4 Slowly Moving toward Self-Reliance in Azerbaijan 52
4.1 Differing Shelter Situations within One Country 70
figures
1.1 Total Displacement in Europe and Central Asia,
1991–2002 2
1.2 Duration of Displacement, Major Groups and Host
Countries, December 2002 3
2.1 Poverty in Selected Countries 23
3.1 Unemployment in Selected Countries 49
4.1 Accommodations in Selected Countries 68
tables
1.1 Major Displacements in Europe and Central Asia,
190–202 6
1.2 Displacement in Europe and Central Asia, Major
Groups, December 2002 14
4.1 Home Ownership in Selected Countries 71