Living Conditions Monitoring

304 Pages·2011·6.24 MB·English

Republic of Zambia
Central Statistcal Office
Available at Central Statistical Office
LIVING CONDITIONS
MONITORING SURVEY
REPORT 2006 and 2010
Published by

Living Conditions Monitoring Branch,
Central Statistical Office,
P. O. Box 31908, Lusaka, Zambia.

Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]

E-mail:
Foreword
In recent years a number of developing countries have undergone major changes in both their
political and economic systems. In order to monitor the effects of these changes on the living
conditions of the population, Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys are conducted to provide the
necessary statistical monitoring indicators.

In Zambia, the need to monitor the living conditions of the people became more pronounced
during the 1990s when the country vigorously started implementing the Structural Adjustment
Programmes (SAP). The Government and it’s cooperating partners realized that a segment of the
population was adversely affected by these policies and programmes meant to reform the
economy. Deteriorating socio-economic conditions in the country further prompted the
Government and donor community to reassess various development and assistance strategies from
the point of view of poverty alleviation. The reassessment culminated into the development of the
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) in 2001. However, the successful implementation of such
policy-oriented strategies requires institutionalisation of monitoring framework both at household
and community levels.

The Central Statistical Office (CSO) has been conducting the household based Living Conditions
Monitoring Surveys (LCMS) since 1996 for monitoring various Government and donor policies and
programmes. The LCMS surveys evolved from the Social Dimensions of Adjustment Priority Surveys
conducted in 1991 (PSI) and 1993 (PSII). So far, five LCMS Surveys have been conducted.

These are: -

(i) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey I of 1996
(ii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey II of 1998
(iii) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey III of 2002/2003
(iv) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey IV of 2004
(v) The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey of 2006

The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2010 (or Indicator Monitoring Survey) was conducted
between January 2010 and April 2010 covering the whole country. The major objective was to
provide poverty estimates, and provides a platform for comparing with previous poverty estimates
derived from cross-sectional survey data. Using similar survey design to that earlier conducted in
1998, the poverty estimates from the 2004 survey are comparable to the survey of 1998 and 1996. It
should be noted that, although the Central Statistical Office conducted another survey for 12
months during 2002/2003, the poverty results could not be compared to the 1998 Living Conditions
Survey that was used to provide baseline poverty estimates for reports that include the Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) of 2002-4 and the Millennium Development Goals. The poverty
results of the LCMS 2010 and LCMS 2006 cannot be compared to the results of the 2004, 1998, 1996,
PSII 1993 and PSI 1991. This is because the results of the LCMS 2006 and 2010 used year specific
angle ratios to derive the food share while the rest used a fixed angle. The 2006 LCMS and 2010
LCMS used items prices to update the poverty lines.

The main objectives of the LCMSVI Survey are to:

ƒ Monitor the impact of Government policies, programmes and donor support on the well
being of the Zambian population

ƒ Monitor and evaluate the implementation of some of the programmes envisaged in the
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

ƒ Monitor poverty and its distribution in Zambia

ƒ Provide various users with a set of reliable indicators against which to monitor development

i
ƒ Identify vulnerable groups in society and enhance targeting in policy formulation and
implementation

The Living Conditions Monitoring Survey 2010 collected data on the living conditions of households
and persons in the areas of education, health, economic activities and employment, child nutrition,
death in the households, income sources, income levels, food production, household consumption
expenditure, access to clean and safe water and sanitation, housing and access to various socio-
economic facilities and infrastructure such as schools, health facilities, transport, banks, credit
facilities, markets, etc.

The Living Conditions Monitoring survey Report 2010 highlights some key aspects of the living
conditions of the Zambian population. Therefore, the results presented in this report are by no
means exhaustive on any topic covered but only attempt to highlight salient aspects of living
standards among various population subgroups at national, provincial and location level. A
separate report on poverty is been compiled alongside this main report. Additional tabulations and
analyses not included in this report can be provided to users on request. Also obtainable on
demand are the LCMSVI data sets for those who wish to do further analysis.

John Kalumbi
ACTING DIRECTOR OF CENSUS & STATISTICS

17 November 2011

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Table of Contents

Page

Foreword (i)
Table of Contents (iii)
List of Tables (viii)
List of Figures (xv)
List of Abbreviations (xix)
Executive Summary (xx)

CHAPTER 1: Overview on Zambia
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. Land and the people 1
1.3. Politics and administration 1
1.4. Developments in the Zambian economy 1
1.5. Recent economic developments 2002-2006 2
1.6. Developments in the social sectors 3

CHAPTER 2: Survey Background and Sample Design Methodology
2.1. Survey background 4
2.2. Objectives of the Living Conditions Monitoring Survey V (LCMS V) 4
2.3. Sample design and coverage 5
2.3.1. Sample stratification and alocation 5
2.3.2. Coverage 6
2.3.3. Sample selection 7
2.3.4. Selection of Standard Enumeration Areas (SEAs) 7
2.3.5. Selection of households 7
2.4. Data collection 8
2.5. Estimation procedure 8
2.5.1. Sample weights 8
2.5.2. Estimation proces 9
2.6. Data processing and analysis 9

CHAPTER 3: General Concepts and Definitions
3.1. Introduction 10
3.2. General concepts and definitions 10

CHAPTER 4: Demographic Characteristics of the Population
4.1. Introduction 14
4.2. Population size and distribution 14
4.2.1. Age and sex distribution of the population 15
4.2.2. Household distribution, size and headship 17
4.3. Marital status 19
4.4. Orphanhood 19
4.5. Deaths in the household 21
4.6. Cause of deaths 22

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CHAPTER 5: Migration
5.1. Introduction 24
5.2. Individual migration 24
5.2.1. Levels of migration 24
5.2.2. Direction of individual migration 26
5.2.3. Reasons for migrating 28
5.3. Household migration 29
5.3.1. Household migration levels 29
5.3.2. Direction of household migration 30

CHAPTER 6: Education Characteristics
6.1. Introduction 32
6.2. School attendance 32
6.3. Gross attendance rates 34
6.4. Net attendance 36
6.5. Type of school attended 38
6.6. Level of education in the population 39
6.7. Changes in education indicators 41

CHAPTER 7: Health
7.1. Introduction 43
7.2. Prevalence of illness/injury 43
7.3. Common symptoms/illness 45
7.4. Health consultations 47
7.4.1. Medical institution visited 49
7.4.2. Personel consulted 50
7.4.3. Mode of payment for consultation 51
7.4.4. Average amount paid for consultation and medication 52

CHAPTER 8: Economic Activities of the Population
8.1. Introduction 53
8.2. Concepts and definitions 53
8.2.1. The economicaly active population (or Labour Force) 53
8.2.2. Labour force participation rate 53
8.2.3. The employed population 53
8.2.4. Employment status 54
8.2.5. Unemployed population 54
8.2.6. Unemployment rate 54
8.2.7. Inactive population 54
8.3. Economic activity status 55
8.3.1. Labour force participation rates 56
8.3.2. Unemployment rates 58
8.4. Employment status, industry and occupation of employed persons 60
8.4.1. Distribution of employed persons by industry 60
8.4.2. Distribution of the employed persons by ocupation 62
8.4.3. Distribution of the employed persons by employment status 62

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8.5. Informal sector employment 63
8.6. Secondary jobs 67
8.7. Reason for changing jobs 69
8.8. Income generating activities among persons presently unemployed or inactive 69

CHAPTER 9: Household Food Production
9.1. Introduction 71
9.2. The extent of agricultural production 71
9.2.1. Agricultural households 71
9.2.2. Fod crop-growing agricultural households 72
9.2.3. Other staple fods 73
9.2.4. Other fod crops 74
9.3. Ownership of livestock 75
9.4. Ownership of poultry 77
9.5. Trends 79

CHAPTER 10: Household Income and Assets
10.1. Introduction 80
10.2. Concepts and definitions 80
10.3. Distribution of income 82
10.3.1. Income distribution by age and sex 82
10.3.2. Income distribution by highest level of education attained by household head 83
10.4. Per capita income 83
10.5. Income inequality 84
10.6. Income distribution 1996-2006 86
10.7. Ownership of household assets 86

CHAPTER 11: Household Expenditure
11.1. Introduction 89
11.2. Definitions 89
11.3. Average monthly household and per capita expenditure 90
11.4. Percentage share of household expenditure to food and non-food items 92
11.5. Percentage expenditure share to food 94
1.5.1. Percentage expenditure share on fod by type of fod and province 94
1.5.2. Percentage expenditure share on fod by fod type and residence 95
1.5.3. Percentage expenditure share on fod by fod type and stratum 95
11.6. Percentage share of expenditure on own produced food 96
11.7. Percentage share of expenditure on non-food 98

CHAPTER 12: Poverty Analysis
12.1. Introduction 101
12.2. Comparability of Living Conditions Monitoring Survey series 101
12.3. Concepts and definition used in poverty analysis 102
12.3.1. Absolute versus Relative Poverty 102
12.3.2. Construction of the fod basket 102

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12.4. Determination of the absolute poverty lines in Zambia 103
12.4.1. Extremely por 104
12.4.2. Moderately por 104
12.4.3. Non poor 104
12.5. Poverty measures 104
12.5.1. Concept of adult equivalent 105
12.6. Incidence of poverty in provinces, urban and rural areas 106
12.6.1. Incidence of poverty in strata 106
12.7. Poverty and characteristics of household head 107
12.7.1. Poverty and sex 107
12.7.2. Poverty and age 107
12.7.3. Poverty and education 107
12.7.4. Poverty and household size 108
12.8. Intensity and severity of poverty 108
12.9. Contribution to total poverty 108
12.9.1. Intensity of poverty 109
12.10. Poverty trends 110
12.10.1. Trends in incidence of extreme poverty 1
12.11. Percentage change in incidence of poverty between 2004 and 2006 111

CHAPTER 13: Self Assessed Poverty and Coping Strategies
13.1. Introduction 113
13.2. Self assessed poverty 113
13.3. Trends analysis 114
13.4. Reasons for household poverty 115
13.5. Trends analysis 115
13.6. Household welfare comparisons 116
13.7. Average number of meals in a day 117
13.8. Household coping strategies 119
13.9. Trends analysis 119

CHAPTER 14: Housing Characteristics, Household Amenities &
Aces to Facilities
14.1. Introduction 121
14.2. Housing characteristics 121
14.2.1. Type of dweling 121
14.2.2. Tenancy status of dweling 12
14.3. Household amenities 123
14.3.1. Sources of drinking water during the wet season 123
14.3.2. Sources of drinking water during the dry season 125
14.3.3. Treatment/boiling of drinking water during the wet and dry season 126
14.3.4. Sources of lighting energy 127
14.3.5. Sources of coking energy 129
14.3.6. Garbage disposal 131
14.3.7. Main toilet facility 13
14.3.8. Aces to facilities 135
14.3.9. Use of various facilities 135
14.3.10. Proximity to facilities 136

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CHAPTER 15: Child Health and Nutrition
15.1. Introduction 138
15.2. Child feeding practices 138
15.2.1 Breast feding and suplements 138
15.3. Breast feeding status 140
15.4. Frequency of feeding on solid foods 141
15.5. National trends in the frequency of feeding on solids 141
15.6. Immunization 142
15.7. Child nutritional status 143
15.8. National trends in the distribution of malnutrition – stunting, under-nutrition & wasting 144

CHAPTER 16: Community Developmental Issues
16.1. Introduction 146
16.2. Extent to which projects or changes have helped the communities 146
16.3. Projects taking place in communities 146
16.4. Extent to which projects that have taken place in their communities have improved
their livelihood 147

References 149
Annex 1: Food Basket 151
Anex 2: List of personel who tok part in the Survey 152
Annex 3: List of Analysts 166
Anex 4: Main Questionaire and Listing Form 167

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List of Tables

Page

CHAPTER 1: Overview on Zambia

Table 1.1: Selected macro-economic indicators 2

CHAPTER 2: Survey Background and Sample Design Methodology

Table 2.1: Total number of selected and covered SEAs and household response rate by
province, Zambia, 2006 6

Table 2.2: Total number of selected and covered SEAs and household response rate by
residence and province, Zambia, 2006 6

CHAPTER 4: Demographic Characteristics of the Population

Table 4.1: Population distribution by residence and province, Zambia, 2006 14

Table 4.2: Percentage distribution of population by 5 year age-group and sex,
Zambia, 2006 15

Table 4.3: Population distribution by strata, Zambia, 2006 16

Table 4.4: Population distribution by relationship to the household head, Zambia, 2006 16

Table 4.5: Population distribution by province, residence and sex, Zambia, 2006 17

Table 4.6: Distribution of households by province and residence, Zambia, 2006 17

Table 4.7: Distribution of households by strata, Zambia, 2006 18

Table 4.8: Distribution of households heads by age-group, Zambia, 2006 18

Table 4.9: Average household size by province, residence and sex of household head,
Zambia, 2006 18

Table 4.10: Distribution of household heads by province, residence and sex, Zambia, 2006 19

Table 4.11: Distribution of population aged 12 years and above by sex, age group and
marital status, Zambia, 2006 19

Table 4.12: Orphans by type, residence, age-group, stratum and province, Zambia, 2006 20

Table 4.13: Percentage distribution of deaths within the households in the last 12 months
preceding the survey by age-group, residence and province, Zambia, 2006 21

Table 4.14: Causes of death by residence and sex, Zambia, 2006 22

Table 4.15: Causes of death by province, Zambia, 2006 23

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