Livestock Development In Kenya's Maasailand: Pastoralists' Transition To A Market Economy

322 Pages·1984·7.323 MB·\322

by  Phylo Evangelou (Author)

Livestock Development
in Kenya's Maasailand
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About the Book and Author
Livestock Development in Kenya's Maasai/and:
Pastoralists' Transition to a Market Economy
Phylo Evangelou
Throughout Subsaharan Africa, traditional pastoral societi.es
are experiencing great change as ecological limitations intensify
and national demands for livestock products expand. In light of
these pressures, the transition of pastoralists from a principally
subsistence way of life to greater involvement in market economies
seems inevitable. focusing on the Maasai society of southern
Kenya, Dr. Evangelou examines factors hindering this transition
and discusses possibilities for facilitating positive change. The
activities of producers representing different tenure systems and
ecological settings are investigated, as is the performance of
livestock traders and butchers. Dr. Evangelou reviews development
policies previously implemented in Maasailand and concludes by
recommending measures for increasing livestock procluction to meet
future needs.
Dr. Phylo Evangelou, an agricultural economist with Robert
R. Nathan Associates, is project evaluation economist on the
Irrigation Management Systems Project in Egypt and co~editor of
Livestoak Development in SubsahaPan AfPiaa: Constraints, Prospeats.
PoZiay (Westview, 1984).
To Jim Simpson,
in gratitude and friendship
Livestock Development
in Kenya's Maasailand
Pastoralists' Transition
to a Market Economy
Phyla Evangelou
The field research for this book was conducted in associ­
ation with the International Livestock Centre for Africa
(ILCA), which is part of the CGIAR system comprising
thirteen international agricultural research centers. It
has two key tasks: to apply existing knowledge to improve
livestock production in Africa and to undertake research
to fill major gaps in that knowledge. The centre is
based in Ethiopia and operates throughout Sub-Saharan
Africa. It has a multidisciplinary professional staff of
about 80 scientists.
First published 1984 by Westview Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Evangelou, Phylo.
  Livestock development in Kenya's Maasailand.
  (A Westview replica edition)
  1. Masai--Economic conditions. 2. Masai--Social
conditions. 3. Animal industry--Kenya. 4. Herders--
Kenya. 5. Economic development projects--Kenya.
6. Rural developoment--Kenya. I. Title.
DT433.545.M33E9 1984 338.1′76′00967623 84-15195
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-02006-4 (hbk)
Contents
Kenyan Shilling--U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates, 1972 to 1982 ix
Abbreviations and Acronyms. x
Acknowledgments . . xi
I. INTRODUCTION. . . . .
The Problem ..... . 2
Objectives and Approach 13
Note ......... . 16
I I. PASTORALISI1 AND INTERVENTIO:HSI1 17
The Pastoral Mode of Production 17
Population Pressures .. . 21
Interventionism in Kenya ... . 38
Pas tor a1 Transition . . . . . . 49
Conclusions ......... . 52
II I. GOVERNt~ErHAL INTERVEfHIOr~ Arm THE PASTORAL TRAIISITION 53
Pricing and Marketing Policies and a Changing
Livestock Industry. . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Disease, Breeding and llildlife Interventions. 76
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
IV. THE MAASAI PASTORAL ECONOt4Y AND TENURIAL CHANGE 97
Maasai Pastoral Economy . 97
Forms of Tenurial Change. 113
The Group Ranch Problem . 120
Conclusions . . . . . . . 124
Notes . . . . . . . . . . 126
V. ECOflOMI C SETTINGS OF PRODUCER SAMPLES 127
Locations and Selection of Samples
and Data Collection .. 127
vii
The Kajiado Group Ranch (KGR) Sample . . . 134
The Kajiado Individual Ranch (KIR) Sample. 159
The Western Narok Producer (WNP) Sample. . 172
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . 181
Notes. . . . . . . . . . . . 183
VI. PRODUCTION COSTS AND RETURNS OF SAMPLED UNITS. 185
Production Unit Budgets. . . . . . 185
Production-Marketing Levels and Relationships. 198
Conclusions. . . 206
Note . . . . . 208
VII. LIVESTOCK MARKETING. 209
Assessing Market Performance 209
Interregional Cattle Trading 210
Intraregional Trading. . 231
Cone 1u s ions. . . . 239
VIII. TRANSITION AND DEVELOPMENT 251
Overriding Constraints to Maasailand's
Livestock Deve 1o pment. . . . 252
Effective Pastoral Intervention. . . . 258
Summary and General Applicability of the
Approach 268
Note . 272
Bibliography. 273
Index . . . 305
viii
Kenyan Shilling-U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates. 1972 to 1982
Kenyan Shillings
Year Equivalent to $1.00
1972 7.1429
1973 7.0012
1974 7.1429
1975 7.3432
1976 8. 3671
1977 8.2766
1978 7.7294
1979 7.4753
1980 7.4202
1981 9.0475
1982 10.9223
Source: International Monetary Fund (1983).
ix