Liver Disorders: A Point of Care Clinical Guide PDF
Preview Liver Disorders: A Point of Care Clinical Guide
Kia Saeian Reza Shaker Editors Liver Disorders A Point of Care Clinical Guide 123 Liver Disorders Kia Saeian • Reza Shaker Editors Liver Disorders A Point of Care Clinical Guide Editors Kia Saeian Reza Shaker Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Medical College of Wisconsin Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA Milwaukee, WI, USA ISBN 978-3-319-30101-3 ISBN 978-3-319-30103-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30103-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935856 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Patients with liver disease may be fearful of the diagnosis particularly since once they are told they have liver disease, they envision having cirrhosis and its associ- ated ominous implications. Moreover, patients often receive confusing and at times contradictory responses. Beyond the typical questions of why and how they are affected by the disease, liver patients may be concerned about their long-term prog- nosis, whether they can drink alcohol and if so, how much, if there is truly a best approach for management moving forward, and what lifestyle changes they should undertake. The unique aspect of this handbook on liver disease is its patient-based perspective. World-class experts in the field provide cogent responses to everyday questions often posed by patients with liver disease followed by a succinct and evidence-based summary of a particular disorder. The summaries are not intended to be exhaustive but rather intended to provide the reader with a manageable and clinically relevant basis with which to care for patients with liver disease. Disorders of the liver affect an increasingly large number of individuals, and the emergence of myriad new therapeutic options including the new direct-acting anti- viral agents used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C has changed the landscape of the management of chronic liver disease. In addition to covering the spectrum of identified liver diseases, this handbook also provides insights into appropriate test- ing and disease monitoring of patients, use of medications, supplements, alternative therapies and alcohol, operative risk assessment, implementation of health mainte- nance for patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, identification and man- agement of particular complications of cirrhosis and appropriate referral for liver transplantation, as well as management of special populations. It is often the case that questions posed by patients are seemingly straightforward but require the provider to synthesize and distill complex and nuanced hepatology literature into a simple answer that the patient can comprehend. Each chapter will begin with patient questions followed by answers offered by the world-class experts. The answers and evidence-based summary will guide the nonhepatologist (gastro- enterologists, internists, physician extenders) liver provider as well as hepatologists to easily and quickly answer common patient questions and address their medical needs. Our guiding principles have been brevity and maintenance of a very clinical v vi Preface focus such that the provider can derive insight into the particular disorder by reading for just a few minutes during a busy clinic day. We are grateful to the world-class experts who kindly agreed to offer their insights and authored the chapters in this handbook and feel honored to have been able to bring together such an outstanding group. Milwaukee, WI Kia Saeian Milwaukee, WI Reza Shaker Contents 1 What Do Abnormal Liver Tests Mean? ................................................ 1 Miguel Malespin and Rebecca Tsang 2 General Care of the Liver Patient ......................................................... 17 Sanjay Bhandari 3 Do I Need a Liver Biopsy? ...................................................................... 27 Kiyoko Oshima Part I What to Do with Tumors in the Liver? 4 Incidental Hepatic Lesions ..................................................................... 43 Syed Rizvi 5 Benign Liver Lesions .............................................................................. 51 Syed Rizvi 6 Malignant Liver Lesions ......................................................................... 71 Michael Loudin, Ranjan Mascarenhas, and Barry Schlansky 7 Health Maintenance in Liver Disease and Cirrhosis ........................... 89 Veronica Loy 8 Preoperative and Postoperative Care of the Liver Patient ................. 99 Malcolm M. Wells and Thomas D. Schiano Part II Distinct Liver Disorders 9 Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis A and E ......................................................... 121 Adnan Said and Amanda DeVoss 10 Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis B (& D) ......................................................... 133 Tatyana Taranukha and Venelin Kounev 11 Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis C ................................................................... 143 Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul and K. Rajender Reddy vii viii Contents 12 Viral Hepatitis: Other Viral Hepatides ................................................. 165 Adnan Said and Aiman Ghufran 13 Alcoholic Liver Disease ........................................................................... 173 Ashutosh Barve, Luis S. Marsano, Dipendra Parajuli, Matthew Cave, and Craig J. McClain 14 Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease .......................................................... 199 Samer Gawrieh 15 Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Autoimmune Hepatitis.......................... 217 Albert J. Czaja 16 Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Primary Biliary Cholangitits ............... 251 Ahmad H. Ali, Elizabeth J. Carey, and Keith D. Lindor 17 Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis ........... 289 José Franco 18 Autoimmune Liver Diseases: Overlap Syndromes .............................. 307 Albert J. Czaja 19 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Alpha-1 Anti-trypsin Deficiency ............................................................ 329 Helen S. Te 20 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Hemochromatosis ................. 339 Matthew J. Stotts and Bruce R. Bacon 21 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Wilson’s Disease .................... 355 Syed Rahman and Kia Saeian 22 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Glycogen Storage Diseases ..................................................................... 369 Grzegorz W. Telega 23 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Urea Cycle Defects ................ 375 Grzegorz W. Telega 24 Metabolic and Genetic Liver Diseases: Porphyrias ............................. 381 Grzegorz W. Telega 25 Drug-Induced Liver Injury .................................................................... 389 Raj Vuppalanchi 26 Miscellaneous Disorders: Pregnancy- Associated Liver Disorders, Vascular Disorders, Granulomatous Diseases, and Amyloidosis ...................................................................................... 405 Eric F. Martin Contents ix Part III Care of the Cirrhotic Patient 27 Portal Hypertension ................................................................................ 455 Douglas A. Simonetto and Vijay H. Shah 28 Endoscopic Management of Portal Hypertension ............................... 469 Murad Aburajab 29 Portosystemic Encephalopathy .............................................................. 481 Jawaid Shaw and Jasmohan S. Bajaj 30 Ascites ....................................................................................................... 507 Adam J. Schiro 31 Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) .............................................. 519 Adam J. Schiro 32 Hepatorenal Syndrome ........................................................................... 531 Michael M. Yeboah 33 Hepatopulmonary Syndrome ................................................................. 545 Rahul Sudhir Nanchal and Tessa Damm 34 Endoscopy and the Liver Patient ........................................................... 555 Abdul H. Khan 35 Liver Resection ........................................................................................ 583 Amir H. Fathi and T. Clark Gamblin 36 Liver Transplantation: An Overview .................................................... 599 Joohyun Kim and Johnny C. Hong Index ................................................................................................................. 621 Contributors Murad Aburajab, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA Ahmad H. Ali, M.B.B.S. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA Bruce R. Bacon, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, St. Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA Jasmohan S. Bajaj, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA Ashutosh Barve, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA Robley Rex Louisville VAMC, Louisville, KY, USA Sanjay Bhandari, M.D. Department of General Internal Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA Chalermrat Bunchorntavakul, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand Elizabeth J. Carey, M.D. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA xi
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