Litt's Drug Eruption Reference Manual Including Drug Interactions PDF
Preview Litt's Drug Eruption Reference Manual Including Drug Interactions
Template_8.5x11_Sheridan.indd L i t t ’ s s ’ t 15th EDITION t i DRUG L DRUG ERUPTION s L i t t ’ REFERENCE MANUAL INCLUDING DRUG INTERACTIONS IRD N 15th EDITION CE R L By Jerome Z. Litt, MD F U ERUPTION U E D Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA IR N G About the book… GE Nreoliawb ilne, itcsu 1rr5etnht ,e daintido nc,o tmhips rmehoesnt swivied einlyf oarcmclaatimioned o bno dorku hga se rbuepetnio enxsp aanndd eindt earnadc tiimonpsr oevsesden ttoia pl rfoovr idaell DN E REFERENCE MANUAL dermatologists and primary care physicians. With every medication having potential adverse side- R C effects, this manual serves as a remedy to the intricacy of diagnosis and aids healthcare professionals U R remaining pharmacovigilant. This ground-breaking resource perfectly answers the busy physician’s GE INCLUDING DRUG INTERACTIONS need for a sophisticated, authoritative guide to all known adverse effects from newly approved as well U I as commonly prescribed and over-the-counter drugs, herbals, and supplements. The easy-to-use format NM 15th EDITION and wealth of information make this book an essential and invaluable tool for every dermatologist and T P general practitioner. EA Important features in this edition include: R T • Extensive listing of 990 adverse reactions—categorized under skin, mucosal/ENT, hair, nails, AN eyes, and other C I • More than 1,200 generic and over 5,700 trade name drugs, herbals, and supplements TUO • Citations in excess of 32,000 references I • Identifications of potentially hazardous drug-drug interactions OA N • Descriptions of the most common reactions patterns N L • Complete listing of the drugs responsible for common reactions patterns S • Fully cross-referenced by drug and trade names with names of pharmaceutical companies plus indications, category, and half-life for each drug About the author... Jerome Z. Litt MD JEroME Z. LITT, MD, FAAD, has held faculty appointments as Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology at Case Western reserve University School of Medicine and Associate Visiting Dermatologist at Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, both in Cleveland, ohio, USA. In February 2008, Dr. Litt was awarded an honorary membership by the American Academy of Jerome Z. Litt MD Dermatology for his lifetime dedication and distinguished service to the Academy and its mission. Printed in the United States of America DU6902 nPMS 7421 C nPMS Warm Gray 7 C Litt_978-1841846903.indd 1 12/11/08 4:41:49 PM Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen s L i t t ’ DRUG ERUPTION REFERENCE MANUAL INCLUDING DRUG INTERACTIONS 15th EDITION Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:05 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:05 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen s ’ t t i L DRUG ERUPTION REFERENCE MANUAL INCLUDING DRUG INTERACTIONS 15th EDITION Jerome Z. Litt, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Dermatology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland, Ohio, USA Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:05 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, NY 10017 © 2009 by Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. Informa Healthcare is an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-8418-4690-2 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-8418-4690-3 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. 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Visit the Informa Web site at www.informa.com and the Informa Healthcare Web site at www.informahealthcare.com Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:06 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen CONTENTS Introduction vii Index of generic and trade names xi Index of herbals lxv Main classes of drugs lxix Drug eruptions A–Z 1 Drugs responsible for common reaction patterns 671 Description of the 41 most common reaction patterns 703 Alphabetical index of drug eruptions A–Z 711 v Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:06 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen To Vel – my Muse Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:06 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen INTRODUCTION Anydrughasthepotentialtocausearashorotheradverse nosisofawidevarietyofmedicaldisorders.Indeed,theyare effect. agrowingcauseforconcern.Moreandmorepeople–par- Anadverseeffect,beitanadversedrugreaction(ADR)or ticularlytheelderly–aretakingmoreandmoreprescription an adverse drug event (ADE), is an unwanted, unpleasant, and over-the-counter medications. In addition, new drugs noxious,orharmfulconsequenceassociatedwiththeuseof areappearinginthemedicalmarketplaceonanalmostdaily amedicationthathasbeenadministeredinastandarddose basis. bytheproperroute,forthepurposeofprophylaxis,diagno- Itisunsurprisingthat,atthesametime,moreandmore sis, or treatment. This definition does not apply to effects drug reactions – especially in the form of cutaneous erup- resulting from medication abuse, overdose or withdrawal, tions–areemerging.Ithasbeenreportedthatin1999more or error of administration. It appears that most ADRs are than100,000hospitalizedpeopleintheUnitedStatesdiedas related to the dose. Death is the ultimate adverse drug aresultofmedications.About5%ofhospitaladmissionsin event. the UnitedStatesareestimatedto befor the treatmentof Adversedrugreactionsarethemostcommoniatrogenic adversedrugreactions.Moreover,asmanyasone-thirdof illness, complicating five to 15 percent of therapeutic drug allemergencydepartmentandurgentcarecentervisitsare courses. Some examples of these include:* drugrelated.Between1%and3%ofhospitalizedpatients suffer some sort of cutaneousadverse drug reaction.Anti- Immunologic Drug Reactions infective and anticonvulsant agents are among the drugs 1. IgE-mediated Anaphylaxis from B-lactam antibiotics most frequently associated with adverse reactions on the 2. Cytotoxic Hemolytic anemia from penicillin skin. 3. Immunecomplex Serumsicknessfromtetanusantitoxin Fortunately, most adverse drug reactions are relatively 4. Cell-mediated, Contact dermatitis from nickel mild,andmanydisappearwhenthedrugiseitherstoppedor delayed whenthedosehaschanged.However,otheradversedrug 5. Specific T-cell Exanthem from sulfonamides reactions are more serious and longer lasting. Severe and activation life-threateningeruptionsdooccur,suchasStevens-Johnson 6. Fas/Fas ligand Stevens-Johnson syndrome; syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Despite the fre- induced Toxic epidermal necrolysis quencyandsometimeslife-threateningnatureofADRs,they 7. Miscellaneous Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity remain underreported and thus are an underestimated syndrome; cause of morbidity and mortality. Lupus-like syndrome Nonimmunologic Drug Reactions Increasing complexity 1. Pharmacologic Dry mouth from antihistamine TheincidenceandseverityofADRscanbeinfluencedby side effect patient-related factors (age, sex, disease, genetics, geogra- 2. Secondary Candidiasis from oral antibiotics phy). They can also be influenced by drug-related factors pharmacologic (typeofdrug,routeofadministration–intramuscular,intra- side effects venousandtopicaladministrationsaremorelikelytocause 3. Toxicity Hepatotoxicity from methotrexate hypersensitivityreactions;oralmedicationsarelesslikelyto 4. Drug-drug Seizurefromtheophyllinewhiletaking resultindrughypersensitivity–durationoftherapy,dosage, interactions erythromycin and bioavailability) as well as by interactions with other 5. Overdose Excessive lidocaine drugs. Furthermore, the prevention, diagnosis and treat- 6. Pseudoallergic Anaphylactoid reactions from mentofADRsarebecomingmoreandmorecomplex.More radiocontrast media drugs–andmorecombinationsofdrugs–arebeingusedto 7. Idiosyncratic Hemolytic anemia from primaquine, treat patients than ever before. dapsone, etc. Thesituationisfurthercomplicatedbythevarietyofways 8. Intolerance Tinnitus from aspirin in which we talk about adverse drug reactions. The terms ‘drugallergy,’‘drughypersensitivity,’and‘drugreaction’are A growing problem used interchangeably. Drug allergy specifically refers to a reaction mediated by IgE; drug hypersensitivity is an Clearly,ADRsareamajorproblemindrugtherapy.Theyare immune-mediatedresponse to a drug agent in a sensitized aleadingcauseofmorbidityandmortalityinhealthcareand patient; and drug reactions comprise all adverse events theyshouldthereforebeconsideredinthedifferentialdiag- vii Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:06 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen INTRODUCTION related to drug administration, regardless of etiology. Fac- sources:fromjournalarticlesandbooksalongwithobserva- tors associated with an increased risk for hypersensitivity tions from dermatologists from all over the world. These drugreactionsincludeasthma,lupuserythematosus,oruse referencesdatebackto1980.Youwillfindover41,000ref- of beta-blockers. Atopic patients are at increased risk for erences on our website, from as far back as 1922 (visit serious allergic reactions. www.drugeruptiondata.com). Adverse drug reactions have been arbitrarily classified Thefirstpartofthemanualisanindexof1,254Generic into six types: Drugs and their corresponding Trade Names (almost 1. Dose-related (e.g. digoxin toxicity) 6,000),sothatyoucaneasilyfindtheproductyouarelook- 2. Non-dose-related (e.g. immunological reactions) ing for in the A-Z section, which is the main body of the 3. Dose-related and time-related (e.g. corticosteroids) manual. 4. Time-related (e.g. tardive dyskinesia) NextcomesalistingofthevariousClassesofdrugs,and 5. Withdrawal (e.g. opiate or beta-blocker withdrawal) thoseGenericDrugsthatbelongtoeachclass.Themajor 6.Unexpectedfailureoftherapy(e.g.inadequatedosage portionofthemanual–thebodyofthework–listsinA-Z of an oral contraceptive) order the 1,254 Generic Drugs, herbals and supplements andtheadversereactionsthatcanarisefromtheiruse,along Itistobeexpectedthatphysiciansinallspecialtiesoftenare with the appropriate references. perplexedbythenatureofADRs.Justoneoftheproblems The latter parts of the manual include a description of hindering them in findingout more aboutdrug reactionsis the41mostcommonReactionPatterns;alistingofthose thatthefewsourcesthatareavailabletoidentifythecauses drugs that can occasion more than 100 different reaction ofmanyofdrugsideeffectscannotbeaccessedbypropri- patterns, including, among others, Acne, Acute general- etary (Trade, Brand) names. ized exanthematous pustulosis, Alopecia, Aphthous stomatitis, Bullous eruptions, Erythema multiforme, Enter Litt’s Drug Eruption Reference Manual Erythema nodosum, Exanthems, Exfoliative dermati- tis, Fixed eruptions, Lichenoid eruptions, Lupus Thismanualisadrugeruptionreferenceworkthatdescribes erythematosus, Onycholysis, Pemphigus, and catalogues the adverse cutaneous side effects of more Photosensitivity, Pityriasis rosea, Pruritus, Psoriasis, than 1,250 commonly prescribed and over-the-counter Purpura, Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Urticaria, and GenericDrugs(morethan60ofwhicharenewtothisedi- Vasculitis. tion). All drugs have been listed and indexed by both their GenericandTrade(Brand)names for easy accessibility. Because of space constraints, several of the Generic USAGE, STYLE & CONVENTIONS EMPLOYED IN Drugs from earlier editions have been extirpated because THIS MANUAL eithertheyhavebeenwithdrawnfrom themarketplaceor TheGenericDrugname is at the top of each page. theyarerarelyifeverprescribedtoday.These,pleasenote, A category forSynonyms(where applicable) follows. are still available – and always will be – on our website – TheTrade(Brand)Name(s)arethenlistedalphabeti- www.drugeruptiondata.com. cally. In addition to adverse cutaneous reactions, the manual When there are many Trade Names, the ten (or so) contains details of many severe, hazardous interactions mostcommonlyrecognizedonesarelisted.Thiscompilation knowntooccurbetweentwoormoredrugs.Ihaveincor- lists and cross-references both the Trade and Generic poratedonlythehighlyclinicallysignificantdruginteractions namesofallthecatalogueddrugs.Followingthemorecom- thatcantriggerpotentialharm,andthatcouldbelife-threat- mon Trade Name drugs are recorded– in parentheses – ening. These interactions are predictable and well docu- thelatestnameofthepharmaceuticalcompanythatismar- mented in controlledstudies; they should be avoided.This ketingthedrug.Manyofthenamesofthecompanieshave subdivisiondenotinghazardousinteractionshasbeenomit- changed from earlier editions of this manual because of tedfromthosedrugswherenosuchinteractionshavebeen acquisitions,mergers,andotherfactorsinthepharmaceuti- reported. cal industry. Foreachdrug,Ihavelistedtheknownadversesideeffects BeneaththeTradeNamelistingisalistofOtherCom- –intheformofdrugreactions–thatcanresultfromtheuse monTradeNames, those drugs from other countries. ofthematchingdrug,focusingparticularlyondermatological ThenappearstheIndication(s),theClass inwhichthe reactions.Ihavecitedappropriatereferences(author,jour- drugbelongsandtheHalf-Lifeofeachdrug,whenknown. nalorbook,volume,dateandpage)foreachsideeffectof On occasion, an important or pertinentNotewill follow. every drug. Where there is more than one reference to a Reactions: These are the Adverse Reactions to the specificsideeffect,Ihaveemployedthemostillustrativeand particularGenericDrug.TheyareclassifiedinsixCatego- recent citation(s) in the literature. ries:Skin,Hair,Nails,Eyes,Mucosal(whichincludeear, Inthis, the15theditionoftheDrug EruptionReference noseandthroatreactions),andOther.Otherreferstothe Manual, I have cited more than 32,000 references and reactions available in Litt’s Drug Eruption Database viii Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:06 Color profile: Generic CMYK printer profile Composite Default screen INTRODUCTION www.drugeruptiondata.com; in particular, these include • Theyearinparentheses.Themostrecentcitationappears cardiovascular,centralnervoussystemandmusculoskeletal first. This approach seems to be much more logical. reactions.ReactionsarelistedalphabeticallyineachCate- (cid:127) Last name and initial(s) of the principal author. gory. Under each Reaction Pattern are listed the Refer- (cid:127) Aplussign(+)aftertheauthor’snamerepresentsoneor ences(thesourcesoftheinformation).Thesearearranged more co-authors. inreversechronologicalorder–themostrecentreference (cid:127) Journal name (standard abbreviation where possible), in appearing first on the list. italics. ReferencesintheEnglishlanguagepredominate.Forthe fewforeignreferences,wehaveresortedtothesummaryor (cid:127) VolumeNumber (oftenfollowedby a parentheticalPart abstract.Themajority ofthe citationscomefrom the JAm or Supplemental Number). AcadDermatol,ArchDermatol,Cutis,IntJDermatol,Contact (cid:127) First page of the article Dermatitis,BrJDermatol,JAMA,Lancet,BMJ,AustJDermatol, NEnglJMed,AnnInternMed,andotherprominentandeasily (cid:127) Bookswhencitedareitalicized,followedbythepublisher accessible journals. and page number. Asafunctionofspacelimitations,thelistofReferences Other notes: has been restricted mainly to those after 1980. As already mentioned,allReferencesgoingasfarbackas1922canstill (cid:127) (sic)meansjustso.Thisishowtheauthorsdesignatedthe be accessed on our website. REACTION. Manyreferenceworkshavebeenconsultedinthecourse (cid:127) For example, Rash (sic); Dermatitis (sic); Skin Rash of compiling this manual. These include: (sic) (2002): Stockley IH, STOCKLEY’S DRUG (cid:127) I have used the termpassimto mean ‘inpassing’. INTERACTIONS, Pharmaceutical Press, London and Chicago There are occasional allusions to the incidence of many of thelistedReactions.Percentages–whichforthemostpart (1998): Kauppinen K et al, SKIN REACTIONS TO are essentially vague and meaningless – are obtained from DRUGS, CRC Press, Boca Raton articles, from Zürcher & Krebs, and from Bork. (1996): Bruinsma W, A GUIDE TO DRUG I have simplified the references to the many Reaction ERUPTIONS,TheFileofMedicines,PO Box21,1474 Patterns by eliminating, for the most part, tags such as ‘– HJ Oosthuizen, Netherlands. like’asin‘–Psoriasis-like’‘–reactivation’‘–syndrome’‘–dis- semination’ ‘–iform’, etc. (1994): Goldstein S & Wintroub BU, ADVERSE Observation means just that. Observations (read CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO MEDICATION, Anecdotes)arederivedfrominformationobtainedviathe CoMedica, New York. Internet from more than 1,500 reliable dermatologists (1992): Zürcher K & Krebs A, CUTANEOUS DRUG worldwide, and via personal correspondence. REACTIONS, Karger, Basel. If you send me your observations at support@ drugeruptiondata.comthey will be cataloguedand you will (1992):BreathnachSM&HintnerH,ADVERSEDRUG begivenappropriateattributionandrecognitioninthenext REACTIONS and the SKIN, Blackwell, Oxford. edition. (1988): Bork K, CUTANEOUS SIDE EFFECTS OF DRUGS, WB Saunders, Philadelphia. Enjoy! Jerome Z. Litt, M.D. There are occasions when there are very few or no January, 2009 adverse reactions to a specific drug. These drugs are still includedinthemanualsincethereisoftenapositivesignifi- *TableadaptedfromAmericanFamilyPhysician,November canceinnegativefindings. 1, 2003, M. Riedel and A. Casillas Asadeparturefromtheofficial,conventionalandestab- lishedstyleguide,theorderofeachReferencewillappear as follows: ix Z:\Parthen\A5940 - Drug Eruption 15th Edition\MakeUp\A5940 - DERM 15th Edition #7.vp 19 November 2008 15:17:07
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