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D A V I D AND S Y L V I A STEINER YIZKOR BOOK COLLECTION STEVEN SPIELBERG DIGITAL Y I D D I S H L I B R A R Y N O 14248 . Lithuania Memorial Book Lithuanian Jewish communities THE NEWYORK PUBLIC LIBRARY-NATIONAL YIDDISH BOOK CENTER YIZKOR BOOK PROJECT NEW YORK, NEW YORK AND AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS THESTEVENSPIELBEEGDIGITALYIDDISHLIBRARYPEOVIDES ON-DEMANDEEPEINTSOFMODERNYIDDISHLITEEATURE ©2003THENEWYOEKPUBLICLIBRARYAND THENATIONALYIDDISHBOOKCENTEE MAJOEFUNDINGFORTHE YIZKOEBOOKPEOJECTWASPEOVIDEDBY: HarryandLillianFreedmanFund DavidandBarbaraB.HirschhornFoundation DavidandBarbaraMargulies TheNashFamilyFoundation HarrisRosen DavidandSylviaSteiner RuthTaubman Originalpublicationdata AUTHOR Schoenburg,Nancy,1942- TIDSIUEMTBSPLJCREERICINTPTT LNxJLHioiiee,lttw5owhhs0cuu2-aaYa-unnopLsii.ritaakt:,n—hm:JJuaGEeeaaptwnwrhsiiinlsas;iahh-c2n-(c3drH1oeci9Pmlms3uamt9.btuo-i.nr1o,yn9is1.4t.95i9)e1—.s/LiNthaunacnyiaS.choenburg,StuartSchoenburg. add'lNAMESchoenburg,Stuart,1938- PTAHPIESRBPOEORKMMAENEETNSCEA.NA.NS.DI.LSITBARNARDYARBDINSDFIONGR. PRINTEDINTHEU.S.A. LITHUANIAN JEWISH COMMUNITIES GARLANDREFERENCEUBRARY OFTHEHUMANTTIES (VOL. 1321) LITHUANIAN JEWISH COMMUNITIES Nancy Schoenburg Stuart Schoenburg GARLANDPUBLISHING,INC.•NEWYORK&LONDON 1991 — ©1991 NancySchoenburg and Stuart Schoenburg All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Schoenburg, Nancy, 1942- Lithuanían Jewish communities /Nancy Schoenburg, Stuart Schoenburg. — p. cm. (Garlandreferencelibraryofthehumanities ;v. 1321) ISBN 0—-8240-4698—-6 (alk. paper) 1. Jews Lithuania —History. 2. Holocaust, Jewish—(1939-1945) Lithuania. 3. Lithuania Hi$tory, Local. 4. Lithuania Ethnic relations. I. Schoenburg, Stuart, 1938- . D. Title. m. Series. DS135.R93L55—6 1991 947’.5004924 dc20 91-8566 CIP Printed onacid-free, 250-year-life paper Manufacturedinthe United StatesofAmerica CONTENTS Preface vii CHAPTER A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: A I: HISTORY OF LITHUANIA & LITHUANIAN JEWRY 3 Lithuanian Historical Period 4 Origins of Lithuanian Jewry - The South 8 Origins of Lithuanian Jewry - The West 10 The Golden Age of Poland 13 Jewish Autonomy - The Councils 16 Jews of Poland - Cultural Development 19 Times of Trouble 21 Shabbatai Zvi 23 New Jewish Movements - Hasidism 24 The Vilna Gaon 25 The Partitions of Poland 27 Under Russian Rule 28 New Jewish Movements - Enlightenment 33 Rise of Lithuanian Nationalism 34 Lithuanian Independence 35 The Jews During World War I and Independent Lithuania 38 World War II and the Holocaust 40 Conclusion 41 CHAPTER JEWISH COMMUNITIES OF II: LITHUANIA 49 Appendix 1: Lithuanian Towns Altemate Spellings and Key to Map Locations 401 Maps 419 VI LITHUANIANJEWISH COMMUNITIES Appendix 2: Lithuanian Jews and Their Towns American Federatíon of Lithuanian Jews 429 Council ofLandsmanshaften 432 Lithuanian Jews in Soviet Russia in 1943 433 Some Jewish Survivors in Lithuania 439 Survivors in Lithuania To Whom Packages Were Forwarded 446 Persons in Lithuania Who Were Sent Money 447 . . . Remittances That Were Cancelled 450 Lithuanian Jews Who Survived The Holocaust Found in Lithuania 451 Found in France 460 Found in Italy 462 Found in Sweden 464 Found in Palestine 465 Found in Germany 466 Jewish Soldiers From Lithuania Injured During the Russo-Japanese War 1904-5 480 . . Jewish Family Names Taken From Lithuanian Town Names 481 Yahrzheit Dates of Lithuanian Jewish Communities 483 Appendix 3 Resources for Lithuanian Jewish : Genealogy 489 Beginning Jewish Genealogy: General Information 491 Periodicals on Jewish Genealogy 492 Additional Material on Lithuanian Jewry 492 Glossary 499