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Lithium-Sulfur Batteries This page intentionally left blank Lithium-Sulfur Batteries Materials, Challenges and Applications Edited by Ram K. Gupta Department of Chemistry, Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, United States Tuan Anh Nguyen Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam Huaihe Song State key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China Ghulam Yasin Institute for Advanced Study, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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ISBN:978-0-323-91934-0 ForinformationonallElsevierpublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionsEditor:KaylaDosSantos EditorialProjectManager:ZsereenaRoseMampusti ProductionProjectManager:PremKumarKaliamoorthi CoverDesigner:MilesHitchen TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents List ofcontributors xiii Part One Basic principles 1 1 Introduction to electrochemical energy storagetechnologies 3 Ghulam Yasin, Sehrish Ibrahim,Shumaila Ibraheem, Ali Saad, Anuj Kumar and Tuan Anh Nguyen 1 Introduction 3 2 Historyand recent advances 4 3 Energy storagemechanisms 5 4 Conclusion andoutlook 6 References 7 2 Recent developments in lithiumesulfur batteries 11 Harshit Mahandra, Guillermo Alvial-Hein, Hadi Sharifidarabad, FariborzFaraji andOvender Singh 1 Introduction 11 2 Structureand components of lithiumesulfurbattery 12 3 Mechanism and electrochemical properties of lithiumesulfurbattery 14 4 Polysulfide shuttle effect 16 5 Recent developments 17 6 Comparison withother lithium-ion batteries 27 7 Applications of lithiumesulfurbatteries 28 8 Conclusion andfuture perspectives 30 References 30 3 Chemistry and operation of lithiumesulfur batteries 37 Vikram K. Bharti,SonyK. Cherian, Mayur M.Gaikwad, Anil D.Pathakand ChandraS. Sharma 1 Introduction 37 2 Cell chemistry of lithiumesulfurbattery 39 3 Operation oflithiumesulfur batteries 42 4 Electrochemical characteristics and challenges oflithiumesulfur batteries 44 5 Polysulfide formation and conversion 50 vi Contents 6 Summaryandoutlook 52 References 52 4 High-performance lithiumesulfur batteries: role of nanotechnology andnanoengineering 57 Shiva Bhardwaj, Felipe Martins de Souzaand Ram K. Gupta 1 Introduction 57 2 Working principle of lithiumesulfur batteries 58 3 Challenges inlithiumesulfur batteries 61 4 Role of nanotechnology and nanoengineering in lithiumesulfur batteries 65 5 Conclusion 71 References 71 5 Mathematicalmodeling oflithiumesulfur batteries 75 Shunli Wang, Lili Xia, ChunmeiYu, Josep M.Guerrero and Yanxin Xie 1 Introduction 75 2 Electrochemical modeling 78 3 Equivalent circuit modeling 81 4 Parameter identification ofequivalent-circuit model 86 5 Model application 91 6 Chapter summary 94 References 95 6 Nanocomposites for binder-free Li-S electrodes 99 Qiongqiong Lu andXinyuWang 1 Introduction 99 2 Carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites for binder-free electrodes 99 3 Graphene-basednanocompositesfor binder-free electrodes 103 4 Carbon nanofiber-based nanocomposites for binder-free electrodes 107 5 Mxene-based nanocomposites for binder-free electrodes 109 6 Hybridnanocomposites for binder-free electrodes 112 7 Summaryandoutlook 115 References 116 7 Separators for lithiumesulfur batteries 121 Praveen Balaji T and Soumyadip Choudhury 1 Introduction 121 2 Working principlesof lithiumesulfurbatteries 122 3 Role of battery components incontrolling ultimateperformance 123 4 Separator requirements 123 5 Designstrategies for separator engineering 129 6 Conclusions andfuture outlook 147 References 147 Contents vii 8 Progress on separators forhigh-performancelithiumesulfur batteries 157 RuipingLiu and Jin-Lin Yang 1 Introduction 157 2 Critical benchmarks for lithiumesulfurbatteryinterlayers 158 3 Recent studies ofvarious interlayers 158 4 Perspectives and outlooks 173 Acknowledgments 173 References 174 9 Electrolytes for lithiumesulfur batteries 179 Dheeraj Kumar Maurya and Subramania Angaiah 1 Introduction 179 2 Organic liquid electrolytes 181 3 Ionic liquidelectrolytes 185 4 Polymerelectrolytes 186 5 Inorganicceramicelectrolytes 189 6 Future perspective 193 Acknowledgment 194 References 194 Part Two Nanomaterials and nanostructures for sulfur cathodes 205 10 Porouscarbonesulfur composite cathodes 207 ZhenLi and Bin He 1 Microporous carbon-based cathodesfor lithiumesulfur batteries 207 2 Mesoporous carbon-based cathode for lithiumesulfur batteries 209 3 Hierarchical carbon-based cathodefor lithiumesulfurbatteries 210 4 Surface functionalized porous carbon for lithiumesulfur battery cathodes 215 5 Summaryand perspective 217 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 11 Recent advancements incarbon/sulfur electrode nanocomposites for lithiumesulfur batteries 225 P. Rajkumar, K. Diwakar,R. Subadevi and M. Sivakumar 1 Introduction 225 2 Preparationof carbon/sulfur nanocomposites 226 3 Physicaland electrochemical performance ofcarbon/sulfur nanocomposite cathodes 226 4 Conclusion 234 Acknowledgments 235 References 235 viii Contents 12 Advances in nanomaterials for sulfurized carbon cathodes 241 Rodrigo V. Salvatierra,Dustin K. Jamesand JamesM. Tour 1 Introduction 241 2 Sulfurized carbon basics 243 3 Elucidated structure and electrochemical profile 247 4 Recentprogressof sulfurized carbon andfuture trends 253 5 Concluding remarks 261 References 262 13 Grapheneesulfur composite cathodes 271 Runwei Mo 1 Introduction 271 2 Challenges limiting thedevelopment of lithiumesulfurbatteries 272 3 Graphene-basedcomposites inthe lithiumesulfur batteries 272 4 Conclusions 280 5 Outlook 281 References 283 14 Grapheneesulfur nanocomposites as cathode materials and separators for lithiumesulfur batteries 289 Wei Ni and Ling-Ying Shi 1 Introduction 289 2 Cathode material modifications 290 3 Modified separators and functional interlayers 295 4 Techniques and methods 295 5 Structural design 296 6 Challenges and perspective 302 List ofabbreviations 305 Acknowledgments 306 References 306 15 Grapheneesulfur nanohybrids forcathodesin lithiumesulfur batteries 315 P. Rajkumar, G.Radhika, K. Diwakar, R. Subadevi andM. Sivakumar 1 Introduction 315 2 Grapheneesulfur composites for lithiumesulfur batteries 316 3 Conclusion 328 Acknowledgments 329 References 329 16 Metaleorganic framework based cathodematerials in lithiumesulfur batteries 333 M.K. Shobana andB. Jeevanantham 1 Introduction 333 2 Metaleorganic frameworks 336 Contents ix 3 Metaleorganic frameworksas sulfur hosts 337 4 Conclusion 352 References 352 17 MXene-based sulfur composite cathodes 361 JianliWang and Wei-QiangHan 1 MXene/sulfur cathodes inlithiumesulfur batteries 361 2 MXene-based composite/sulfur cathodesin lithiumesulfur batteries 364 3 MXene-derived oxide/sulfur cathodes inlithiumesulfur batteries 372 4 Heteroatom-dopedMXene/sulfur cathodesin lithiumesulfur batteries 375 5 Novelstructured MXene/sulfur cathodes inlithiumesulfur batteries 379 References 384 18 Polymeric nanocomposites for lithiumesulfur batteries 389 Annelise Jean-Fulcrand, Eun Ju Jeon, SchahrousKarimpourand Georg Garnweitner 1 Introduction 389 2 Fundamentalsof polymers 390 3 Polymernanocompositesfor sulfur cathodes 396 4 Polymerelectrolytes 409 5 Conclusion andoutlook 414 References 415 19 Designof nanostructured sulfur cathodes forhigh-performance lithiumesulfur batteries 425 Masud Rana, Xia HuangandBin Luo 1 Introduction 425 2 Redox processes andpolysulfide characteristics oflithiumesulfur batteries 426 3 Design criteria for lithiumesulfur battery cathodes 428 4 Sulfur host materials for lithiumesulfurbatteries 433 5 Outlook and conclusion 445 References 446 20 Nanostructured additivesandbindersfor sulfur cathodes 453 Duc-Luong Vu, RakeshVerma and Chan-JinPark 1 Introduction 453 2 Background of nanostructured additives andbinders for sulfur cathodes 453 3 Nanostructuredadditives for sulfur cathodes 455 4 Lithiumesulfurbatterybinders 471 5 Conclusion andoutlook 476 References 477