Liquid vs Powder Detergents

68 Pages·3.54 MB·English

by  Pira International Ltd

household and personal care > e-book
Liquid vs Powder Detergents
This e-book examines the various types of solid and liquid detergents for washing laundry
and dishes, advances in detergent formulations and machinery/washing equipment and
trends on a global basis.
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Liquid vs Powder Detergents
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table of contents
Executive Summary 3 The Global Market for Powder and Liquid 5 The Future of Liquid and Powder Detergents
Detergents Surfactants
1Introduction and Methodology Introduction Bleaches
Introduction Types of Laundry and Dishwashing Detergents Environmental and Sustainability Issues
Scope 4Laundry Detergents Reducing Washing Temperature
Methodology 4Dishwashing Detergents Reducing Water Use
Definitions Use of Liquid Laundry Detergents Sustainability
4Hand Washing Laundry Automatic Dispensing of Liquid Detergents
2 Powder and Liquid Detergent Technologies 4Laundry Detergents for Machine Washing Spot Cleaners
Introduction 4Use of Liquid Laundry Detergents Unit-Doses
Powdered Heavy-duty Laundry Detergents 4Dishwashing Detergents Could Powders Fight Back?
4Surfactants Comparison of Solid and Liquid Laundry Detergents Summary
4Builders Summary
4Bleaches References
4Enzymes 4 Improving Detergent Performance
4Polymers, Complexing Agents and other Introduction List of Tables and Figures
Ingredients The Solubility of Surfactants in Water
Liquid Heavy-duty Detergents 4Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance
4Surfactants 4The Formation of Micelles
4Soaps and Fatty Acids 4Effect of Temperature on the Aqueous Solubility of
4Builders Surfactants
4Bleaches 4Liquid Crystal Phases
4Enzymes 4Effect of Other Ingredients on Surfactant Solutions
4Polymers 4Formulation of Concentrated Liquid Laundry
Laundry Bars Detergents
Unit-dose Laundry Detergents Enzymes
4Tablets 4Stabilisation of Enzymes in Aqueous Solutions
4Liquitabs or Capsules 4The Stability of Enzymes in the Presence of
Laundry Aids Surfactants
4Bleaches 4Stabilising Enzymes in the Presence of Bleaches
4Fabric Softeners Liquid Detergent Viscosity
Hand Dishwashing Detergents Separating Ingredients (Detergent Boosters)
Other Cleaning Formulations Encapsulation
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household and personal care > e-book > liquid vs powder detergents
Executive Summary
Laundry detergents have traditionally been supplied as solids, activators are themselves protected inside granules. When With an
either as bars or as granular powders. Powders were developed dissolved in the wash water, they are released to carry out their understanding of
that contained all of the major detergent ingredients, although allotted functions. In the aqueous environment, the ingredients are
the composition
their exact composition varied to suit local washing conditions and chemically more active and it is not possible to store all of them
and properties
practices. Other types of cleaning products were available in liquid together for long periods of time. Thus liquid detergents do not
of different types
form, but it was not until 1960s that liquid laundry detergents contain bleaches and some other ingredients that adversely affect
were launched into the domestic market in the US. Since then their storage stability. of detergents,
they have come to totally dominate the US market with an 80% it is possible to
market share (Chapter 3). In the 1980s liquid laundry detergents With an understanding of the composition and properties of speculate why
were launched in Western Europe, and their market share varies: different types of detergents, it is possible to speculate why
consumers chose
In countries of Northern Europe they have 10% to 20% of sales, consumers chose particular products. Liquid laundry detergents
particular products.
but in the Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe, they have are much more attractive to handle: They are easy to measure out
captured over a half of the market and their popularity is still and add to the washing machine. They are particularly easy to
growing. In Europe and particularly the UK, single-dose laundry dispense and meter in automated systems, which probably explains
tablets and liquid capsules are proving popular. In other parts why they are so popular in Industrial & Institutional (I&I) washing.
of the world, where a large proportion of laundry is still washed They also rapidly disperse and dissolve in the wash water, which is
by hand, the market for laundry detergents is still dominated by particularly important as the volume and temperature of the wash
powders and bars. In most countries sales of hand dishwashing water decreases. Consumers in North America have traditionally
detergents predominate, even where dishwasher ownership is high. added detergent boosters, and particularly bleach boosters, to
In Europe the market for automatic dishwashing detergents (ADDs) their top-load washing machines, and their wash water tends to be
is dominated by tablets, whereas in the US it is shared between softer. So the transition from powder to bleach-free liquid detergents
powders, liquids and tablets. has been easier. Consumers in Northern Europe tended not to use
boosters, a practice that has always been more common in the
Chapter 2 describes the technology and ingredients in domestic Mediterranean countries of Southern Europe. It is noticeable that
laundry detergents. Granular powder detergents can be since the introduction of liquid laundry detergents, sales of liquid
formulated with all of the major detergent ingredients, surfactants, and granular peroxi-bleach boosters in North Europe have risen.
builders, bleaches, enzymes, etc. Even ingredients believed to
be incompatible can be blended together and stored in the dry Formulating liquid detergents presents particular problems. It is
granules, although some such as enzymes, bleaches and bleach important that in the weeks and months before it is used by the
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household and personal care > e-book > liquid vs powder detergents
Executive Summary
consumer, the liquid detergent does not separate into different phases, that rapidly dissolve when they are added to wash water. So the
it maintains its attractive appearance and its component ingredients PVA film needs to be sufficiently resistant to water to protect the
remain active. Because of the trend to increase the concentration of liquid detergent (which is usually formulated with solvents to
detergents to reduce packaging and transport costs, a liquid detergent minimise its water content) during storage but then dissolve in
must contain very high concentrations of surfactants and other the wash water. Capsules are attractive and easy to use. But they
ingredients. There are two ways of achieving this. The detergent can must be stored and handled carefully. They are bulky and thus
contain solubilisers and hydrotropes which increase ingredient solubility their packaging and transport costs are high—everything that the
or they can be “structured,” containing some ingredients as suspended environmentally concerned consumer claims to abhor. And yet,
immiscible solids and liquids. These products tend to be opaque these capsules are very popular.
and have a higher viscosity to maintain the solids in suspension.
The viscosity can be achieved by careful utilisation of liquid crystal The development of liquid detergents is continuing against
mesophases of concentrated surfactant solutions or by the addition of a backdrop of other major developments in the industry. The
viscosity modifiers. The loss of bleaches means that enzymes play an environmental standards of cleaning products in Europe are governed
even more important role in liquid detergents. Innovative technology by the Detergents Regulations. Similar regulations exist in North
has been applied to ensure that the enzymes remain active in the America that specify the ingredients that can be used in cleaners. In
aqueous solution, to protect them from other ingredients and from response to consumer pressure the industry is working to increase
themselves. One problem that remains to be solved is how to stabilise its sustainability. In response, manufacturers are improving their
bleaches in a liquid detergent and protect other detergent ingredients. production processes and looking to replace synthetic petrochemical-
Physical encapsulation has proved successful with other detergent derived ingredients with those obtained from renewable natural
ingredients (e.g., enzymes and fragrances) but not with bleaches. So the resources. Enzyme technology offers the possibility of their taking on
only solution would appear to be storing the bleaches separately and more of the functions of bleach. Developments in washing machine
mixing them in at the start of the wash. technology have always had a major effect on the development of
detergents. They are likely to in the future, possibly encouraging the
European consumers prefer single-dose tablets or capsules. use of liquids in automatic smart washing machines.
Powdered tablets contain all of the major detergent ingredients
and can be constructed so that different components can be Liquid detergents have had a major impact in the marketplace,
released at particular points of the wash cycle. They are also but because of technical limitations, their growth in some regions
very compact. Surprisingly, liquid capsules are also popular. The has appeared to have slowed; further technical improvements are
detergent liquid is sealed inside polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) capsules needed to increase their appeal.
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household and personal care > e-book > liquid vs powder detergents
Introduction and Methodology
1 Introduction detergents in other markets is mixed, as is discussed in Chapter 3. With the exception
With the exception of dry cleaning and some specialised cleaning of dry cleaning and
processes, all types of washing and cleaning are carried out Other types of cleaning compounds, such as hard-surface cleaners,
some specialised
in water. Conventionally, most laundry detergents have been are used to clean surfaces by hand often without being diluted,
cleaning processes,
formulated as solids, either as powders or as—in much of the have always been formulated as liquids that are often stored in
all types of
developing world—bars or tablets. Powders are stored in cardboard spray dispensers. Similarly, hand dishwashing detergents tend to be
washing and
or sometimes in plastic containers and can be transported and liquids that are diluted in the wash water. The use of dishwasher
stored for long periods provided they are kept dry before they machines is not as established as that of laundry washing cleaning are
are added to the wash water in which they will dissolve. In much machines. The situation with automatic dishwashing detergents carried out in
of the world, the washing of laundry is carried out by hand, but (ADDs) is more complex, and they are sold as solids or liquids, water.
whenever possible, consumers buy washing machines to carry out depending on local culture and conditions.
much of the physical work involved. With the help of agitation, the
dissolved detergent ingredients remove the dirt and soil from the A further development in the presentation of laundry detergents
clothing and suspend them in the wash water. The dissolved and and ADDs is their use as unit doses—either solid tablets in sachets,
suspended particles of dirt are removed from the washing when the or pouches containing a fixed dose of detergent to wash a single
wash water is discharged to drain. The clothes are rinsed in fresh load of textiles or dishes in a washing machine.
water, then dried and prepared for wearing. Solid bar soaps achieve
the same effect by being rubbed into the soiled clothing in the Scope
presence of water. The cleaning ingredients in the soap bar slowly This e-book covers the various types of solid and liquid detergents
dissolve and with rubbing, remove the soil from the clothing. Their for washing laundry and dishes. “Solid” includes tablets, bars,
slow dissolution is of real benefit when washing in large bodies of powders. “Liquid” includes liquids as well as liquids in capsules. It
water, such as rivers or lakes. covers advances in detergent formulations and machinery/washing
equipment. It looks at these trends on a global basis, focusing on
Liquid laundry detergents were introduced into the US in the 1960s various countries/regions.
and have since come to dominate the local market for heavy-duty
laundry detergents. Liquid laundry detergents were introduced in Methodology
Asia in the 1970s and in Europe in the 1980s, and although their The report is based on the results of primary and secondary
market share has grown, they have not achieved the dominant research into different sources. Primary research consisted of
position that they have in the US. The popularity of liquid laundry interviews with key ingredient and detergent manufacturers.
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household and personal care > e-book > liquid vs powder detergents
Introduction and Methodology
Additional sources of data include published literature and Detergent alcohol Primary alkyl alcohol with C8-C18 alkyl group.
statistics, in-house market and technology reports, conference They can be made from synthetic petrochemical or renewable
presentations, company information, and industry associations. animal or vegetable feedstock
Definitions DSDMAC “Quat,” distearyldimethylammonium chloride,
nonbiodegradable fabric softener
ADD Automatic dishwashing detergents
EDDS Ethylene diamine disuccinic acid, chelating builder
Anionic surfactant Negatively charged surfactant molecule.
Usually the sodium or potassium salt of a sulphonic, sulphate or EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. EDTA is a chelating builder
carboxylic fatty acid that removes hardness in water by forming complexes with divalent
metal ions, such as Ca2+ and Mg2+
APG Alkyl polyglucosides, renewable non-ionic surfactants
GLDA L-Glutamic acid-N,N-di(acetic acid) tetrasodium salt,
C12E6 Shorthand for the molecular structure of a non-ionic alkyl chelating builder
alcohol ethoxylate surfactant. C12 represents an alkyl chain with
12 carbon atoms and E6 represents a poly(ethylene oxide) oligomer HLB Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance is a semi-empirical measure of
with 6 molecules of ethylene oxide the surface activity of a surfactant. If the HLB is close to zero, the
surfactant is lipophilic (hydrophobic); if it is > 12, it is hydrophilic
Cationic surfactant A surfactant molecule that is positively
charged at most pHs. The hydrophilic group is usually based on a Hydrophilic A chemical group that is soluble or compatible with
nitrogen derivative water. They are “water loving.” Hydrophilic groups are insoluble in
oils
CMC Critical Micelle Concentration, concentration above which
surfactants form micelles in aqueous solution Hydrophobic A chemical group that is soluble or compatible with
water insoluble oils, but is insoluble in water—“water hating”
CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose, chemically modified cellulose
derivative. High molecular weight water-soluble polymer with many NOBS Sodium nonanoyloxybenzenesulphonate, used as a bleach
uses, including in detergents activator in North America
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