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Liquid-quenched Alloys PDF

369 Pages·1991·18.651 MB·English
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Ref. p. 1881 6.1 Amorphous 3d-M alloys (M = 4d, 5d, or main group element) 1 6 Liquid-quenched alloys 6.1 Liquid-quenched and sputtered alloys of 3d elements and main group elements 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.1.1 General remarks Recently, the development of new solidification techniques has made available a variety of new materials with composition ranges unattainable in crystalline alloys. Amorphous metallic alloys can be obtained by rapid solidification from the liquid state. Typical cooling rates are of the order of, or higher than, IO6 K/s. Existing and possible applications of amorphous magnetic materials are in context with their soft magnetic properties, sometimes in combination with high electrical resistivity, their production-inherent low thickness and magnetomechanical properties. Magnetic cores with low losses and specifically designed hysteresis loops, magnetic heads, magnetic sensors and other applications are developed and partly commercially used. For application-addressed magnetic properties see sect. 7.1 in subvolume 111/19i. This data compilation will concentrate on the intrinsic magnetic properties of amorphous alloys, i.e., their susceptibility in the paramagnetic region, magnetic moments and saturation magnetization, phase diagrams and transition temperatures of ferromagnetically ordered alloys as well as of those alloys with more complicated magnetically ordered structures (e.g.a morphous spin glasses)N. onmagnetic properties are included if they are in some respect related to the magnetic properties, e.g. crystallization temperature, density. Out of scope are systemsc ontaining rare earth elements, e.g. transition metal (TM) - rare earth (R) alloys; they are dealt with in sect. 6.2, and also such alloys containing TM, R and other elements, cf. also [88 H 21. Data for amorphous alloys produced by methods other than the liquid-quenching or sputtering, e.g. electrodeposition, evaporation, ion implantation, solid-state reaction, spark erosion, etc., are not included in this chapter. Further on, we do not deal with the diamagnetic properties of amorphous alloys, since the latter are closely related to superconductivity. For an introduction to the problems of amorphous magnetic alloys the following books and review articles are recommended: [80 H 1,83 L 1,84 M 7,84 K $84 E I,87 0 11.A survey with an extensive bibliographical part is given in [83 F 2, 86 K 31. r 6.1.1.2 Preparation methods Widely used techniques for the production of amorphous materials are: splat cooling and melt spinning [SS G 23. For research purposes small samples can be obtained by solidification of a liquid droplet in a piston- and-anvil or two-piston device. Melt spinning technique permits the formation of continuous ribbons (e.g.,b y quenching the molten alloy on a rotating copper wheel or betweentwo rotating cylinders). The ribbons are one millimeter to several centimeters wide and 30. ..50 pm thick. Wider ribbons (up to 10.. .30 cm) can be produced by the planar-flow-casting method. Another method for the production of amorphous alloys is sputter deposition: the material of interest is bombarded at the cathode with positive ions of a rare gas. Thereby the atoms of the target are released and collected on a substrate at the anode. See [84 M 73 for a review, and also [88 W I]. The inclusion of sputtered thick amorphous samples, separated from the substrate or not, and, to some extent, of sputtered films was dictated by the similarity in the values of the magnetic parameters of both groups of amorphous alloys for the samec hemical composition, together with the wider range of alloy composition which can be prepared in amorphous form by sputtering. As most of the data compiled concern liquid-quenched amorphous alloys, this is not specially indicated in the tables and figures, whereas the data for sputtered samples are identified as such. Landolt-Bijmstein Kobe, Ferchmin New Series III/l9h 2 6.1 Amorphous 3d-M alloys (M =4d, 5d, or main group element) [Ref. p. 188 6.1.1.3 Structure It is hardly possible to specify the atomic structure of a noncrystalline solid as precisely as that of a crystal. An amorphous alloy can be characterized by the absence of long-range order or periodicity’in the microscopic structure. The range of the short-range order is about 10 A (1 nm). The local order in the neighbourhood of a given atom may be noncrystalline (e.g.t he local atomic arrangement of icosahedral symmetry) or that of a nearly crystalline equilibrium or nonequilibrium phase [87 0 1-JT. o decide whether a substance is amorphous or not, X-ray, electron and neutron diffraction can be used. In contrast to crystalline materials, the diffraction pattern consists of diffuse rings which sharpen as the materials transform, on heating, into polycrystalline phases (sometimesb eginning with a quasicrystalline phase). However, it is not possible to distinguish an amorphous structure from one that is crystalline on a scale of less than about 20 8, (2 nm) [84 M 7-JA. n example of a reduced radial distribution function, which is related to the probability of finding an atom at some distance from a given atom, is shown in Fig. 1 [82A 4, 84 E l] for Fe,,B,,. 600 nmm2 -300I 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 nm 0.8 r- Fig. 1. Reduced radial distribution function 4rrr[e(r)- e,-Ja s a function of distance r from an average origin atom for Fe,,B,,. e(r): density of atomsa t distancer , eo: averaged ensity [82A4,84El]. Systems with structures other than amorphous, which can also be obtained by rapid solidification or sputtering, are not included in this data compilation. It concerns micro- and nanocrystalline materials and the recently observed “quasicrystals” (systemsp ossessingn oncrystalline short-range order and quasiperiodic long- range order) as well as mixed amorphous/crystalline systemsi n casesw here partial crystallinity has been found by the authors. The magnetic properties of powdered systems generally differ from those of the ribbons and depend on the details of the process of powder preparation. Because of the resulting spread in magnetic properties they, too, are omitted. An amorphous alloy is in a thermodynamically metastable state. Such a state cannot be as uniquely defined as a crystalline stable state. There exists a multitude of possible amorphous structures with grossly different atomic arrangements and it is claimed that at least two different amorphous phasesc an coexist 186Z 1,87 B 5-j. The consequenceso f metastability for the presentation of data on magnetic and other properties are twofold: (i) Firstly, liquid-quenched alloy samples of the same composition from different batches can presumably have somewhat different thermal histories (in the case of amorphous alloys, mostly a different quenching rate) leading. similarly to the situation in ordering or segregating crystalline alloys (cf. 171V 11, chapter 21, 5), to different local configurations of magnetic atoms, in particular different numbers of magnetic neighbours of magnetic atoms. A practical rule states that the magnetization data of liquid-quenched alloys of the same Kobe, Ferchmin LandolbB6mstein New Series IW19h Ref. p. 1881 6.1 Amorphous 3d-M alloys (M = 4d, 5d, or main group element) 3 composition usually differ by no more than several percent. Whenever possible, a typical value is given together with the upper and lower limit data. Quite different metastable states can be obtained by imposing well defined external conditions during the quenching process,e .g. by applying strong external magnetic fields (see[ 87 E I]). Such conditions are indicated by remarks. (ii) On the other hand, a metastable state tends to transform continuously towards progressively more stable states.T his process is driven by the annealing temperature and time, sometimes also by a magnetic field and is accompanied by structural relaxation phenomena. Data on magnetic properties measured after structural relaxation are given together with the annealing conditions. Starting from the as-prepared state the relaxation by annealing leads mostly to a relief of stress induced during the preparation process. For commercial amorphous alloys nominal compositions only are usually available. For a few other alloys solely nominal compositions are available as well. Such cases,r epresenting an obvious source of uncertainty, are indicated in the “remark” column and should serve for provisional orientation. Another source of uncertainty in magnetic data stemsf rom the nonuniformity of the samples:a s a rule, due to the conditions of preparation, a surface layer differs chemically and structurally from the bulk and the surfaces can differ from each other as well [87 S 51. 6.1.1.4 How to find the data of a specific alloy in this chapter? As a consequenceo f the preparation conditions there are more amorphous alloys than crystalline materials with the same components. The following rules should help the reader to find a specific alloy. In principle, the rules of order for the amorphous materials follow the system of Chemical Abstracts (CAS). Because the alloys under consideration are transition-metal-based, these elements determine the ordering. (i) First, all alloys with a single TM element are listed following their order in the respective row of the Periodic Table (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu). The other elements are arranged with decreasing atomic percentage (e.g. Fe,,Si,5B,,). (ii) Next, for a given TM element (e.g.F e) the alloys are ordered alphabetically according to the first (i.e. the most abundant) non-TM element (e.g.F eB, FeC, FeSi, . . .) . Alloys composed of the same elements are arranged with increasing TM content (e.g.F e7aBz1,F e,,B,,, . . .) . If the composition range of an alloy has to be given, the right place is before the alloy with the lowest TM concentration (e.g. Fe,,, - XB, (17 5 x 5 21), Fe,aBzl, . . .); less precise formulae are placed before more precise ones. (iii) Alloys with more than one non-TM element are arranged in alphabetical order immediately after the alloys with only one non-TM element and so on (e.g. Fe,,B,,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, FMWbSi5, WA7Nb5, %3bW@L . . .). Please note that entries are not given, so that e.g. Fe,,B&3,, can be found only after the Fe-B alloys, whereas Fe,,Si,,B,, only after Fe-Si. Sometimesa given composition range covers two formulae (e.g. Fe,,B,S-.$3i, with 12sx5 14 covers Fe,,B,,Si,, and Fe,,Si,,B,,). The formula is then situated only at the first place in the materials table (in the above example, before Fe,,B,,Si,,). (iv) In a formula for alloys with two TM elements,i n general, the TM element with the higher atomic number in the Periodic Table is inserted preceding the TM element with the lower number. In this connection we consider Cu as a TM element. However, becausei t is usual in the literature to write e.g. Fe-Ni instead of Ni-Fe (and Co-Ni instead of Ni-Co), we keep the place an alloy should have in the table according to the above rules, but once the place is chosen, we write the alloy formula in priority order: Co, Fe, Ni, Cu. The ordering rule is illustrated by the following example for some Ni-Mn and Ni-Fe alloys: Ni,,Mn,Zr,,, Fe,,Ni,,B,,, Fe,,Ni,B,,. (v) For alloys with three TM elements first the ordering principles for the respective alloys with two TM elements are used and then the third TM element is added according to the Periodic Table order. (vi) With respect to the non-TM element in a given alloy, the materials are inserted in the order of increasing content of the sum of all TM elements. If this sum is equal for alloys with the same elements, the alloy with the lower content of the first-written TM element is given first. Examples for these rules are to be found in the list of materials (subsect.6 .1.2). The reader is advised to start his search with the materials list for the following reasons: the information he needsc an be included either in a table or in a figure. Moreover, it occurs that more than one alloy is contained in one figure. Then the figure is placed according to the material which occurs first according to the foregoing rules. Land&-Biirnstein Kobe, Ferchmin New Series III/19h Ref. p. 1881 6.1 Amorphous 3d-M alloys (M = 4d, 5d, or main group element) 3 composition usually differ by no more than several percent. Whenever possible, a typical value is given together with the upper and lower limit data. Quite different metastable states can be obtained by imposing well defined external conditions during the quenching process,e .g. by applying strong external magnetic fields (see[ 87 E I]). Such conditions are indicated by remarks. (ii) On the other hand, a metastable state tends to transform continuously towards progressively more stable states.T his process is driven by the annealing temperature and time, sometimes also by a magnetic field and is accompanied by structural relaxation phenomena. Data on magnetic properties measured after structural relaxation are given together with the annealing conditions. Starting from the as-prepared state the relaxation by annealing leads mostly to a relief of stress induced during the preparation process. For commercial amorphous alloys nominal compositions only are usually available. For a few other alloys solely nominal compositions are available as well. Such cases,r epresenting an obvious source of uncertainty, are indicated in the “remark” column and should serve for provisional orientation. Another source of uncertainty in magnetic data stemsf rom the nonuniformity of the samples:a s a rule, due to the conditions of preparation, a surface layer differs chemically and structurally from the bulk and the surfaces can differ from each other as well [87 S 51. 6.1.1.4 How to find the data of a specific alloy in this chapter? As a consequenceo f the preparation conditions there are more amorphous alloys than crystalline materials with the same components. The following rules should help the reader to find a specific alloy. In principle, the rules of order for the amorphous materials follow the system of Chemical Abstracts (CAS). Because the alloys under consideration are transition-metal-based, these elements determine the ordering. (i) First, all alloys with a single TM element are listed following their order in the respective row of the Periodic Table (Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu). The other elements are arranged with decreasing atomic percentage (e.g. Fe,,Si,5B,,). (ii) Next, for a given TM element (e.g.F e) the alloys are ordered alphabetically according to the first (i.e. the most abundant) non-TM element (e.g.F eB, FeC, FeSi, . . .) . Alloys composed of the same elements are arranged with increasing TM content (e.g.F e7aBz1,F e,,B,,, . . .) . If the composition range of an alloy has to be given, the right place is before the alloy with the lowest TM concentration (e.g. Fe,,, - XB, (17 5 x 5 21), Fe,aBzl, . . .); less precise formulae are placed before more precise ones. (iii) Alloys with more than one non-TM element are arranged in alphabetical order immediately after the alloys with only one non-TM element and so on (e.g. Fe,,B,,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, Fe,,B,,Mo,, FMWbSi5, WA7Nb5, %3bW@L . . .). Please note that entries are not given, so that e.g. Fe,,B&3,, can be found only after the Fe-B alloys, whereas Fe,,Si,,B,, only after Fe-Si. Sometimesa given composition range covers two formulae (e.g. Fe,,B,S-.$3i, with 12sx5 14 covers Fe,,B,,Si,, and Fe,,Si,,B,,). The formula is then situated only at the first place in the materials table (in the above example, before Fe,,B,,Si,,). (iv) In a formula for alloys with two TM elements,i n general, the TM element with the higher atomic number in the Periodic Table is inserted preceding the TM element with the lower number. In this connection we consider Cu as a TM element. However, becausei t is usual in the literature to write e.g. Fe-Ni instead of Ni-Fe (and Co-Ni instead of Ni-Co), we keep the place an alloy should have in the table according to the above rules, but once the place is chosen, we write the alloy formula in priority order: Co, Fe, Ni, Cu. The ordering rule is illustrated by the following example for some Ni-Mn and Ni-Fe alloys: Ni,,Mn,Zr,,, Fe,,Ni,,B,,, Fe,,Ni,B,,. (v) For alloys with three TM elements first the ordering principles for the respective alloys with two TM elements are used and then the third TM element is added according to the Periodic Table order. (vi) With respect to the non-TM element in a given alloy, the materials are inserted in the order of increasing content of the sum of all TM elements. If this sum is equal for alloys with the same elements, the alloy with the lower content of the first-written TM element is given first. Examples for these rules are to be found in the list of materials (subsect.6 .1.2). The reader is advised to start his search with the materials list for the following reasons: the information he needsc an be included either in a table or in a figure. Moreover, it occurs that more than one alloy is contained in one figure. Then the figure is placed according to the material which occurs first according to the foregoing rules. Land&-Biirnstein Kobe, Ferchmin New Series III/19h 6.1.2 Materials and properties - guide Composition Properties Figures Tables Composition Properties Figures Tables range range Cr alloys Mn 22 22.~4177~ Mn 22 24.JA17S.7 Cr-Ge Mn-Al-Si CflOO-,Gex Mn, 7A158Si25 8 Mn-Au-!3 Crd+e72 Mn,Au,,Si,, 9 Crdk4 Crdh Mn-B %8Ges2 M%,B,, 2 Crs7Geb3 22 Cr-Pd-Ge 10 CrxPd82-xGe18 15x57 ti Mn5A8 22 CrPdGe - XPdGe)- ’ 4 vs. T 10 Cr-PdSi Mn-P-C Cr,Pd,$i,, MwP&o 2 Cr,Pd,,Si,, 22 Cr,Pd,,Si,, 11 Cr.,Pd,,Si,, Mn-Pd-Ge CrsPd,,Si,, Mn,Pd,,-,Ge,, 15x57 ti 12 MnPdGc Cr,Pd,,Si,, - XPdGe) - ’ Cr,Pd,,Si,, vs. T Mn-Pd-Si Mn alloys Mn,Pd,,Si,, 0 2 Mn-Al Mn,Pd,,Si,, 0 2 MnxA400-, 15~x524 @(x) 7 Mn,Pd,,Si,, 0 2 MnlsA185 x&9 x.c T 5 Mn,Pd,,Si,, 0 2 vs. T M&i L,(T) (log scale) 6 Mn~oo-xS4 255x575 T W' 69 x'. 09 CgrP err 2 ~(Tm4.2 w Mn20Ah xac(T) (log scale) 6 vs. x C8 2 NL ew Serieand&Biim s IIIIl9hstein K o b e , F e r c h m in Composition Properties Figures Tables Composition Properties Figures Tables range range Fe-B (continued) Fe-B-Be Fea4B16 D 12 Fea2-,%d% 06x510 i&d4 88 critical exponents 20 T,(x) 89 4, as 21 O~x~lO jFctx) 90 Tc 22 a4 91 Tc 129 22 05x512 T,(x) 92 4 21 FeaoB14Be6 TC 22 To TX 22 hoBdN Tc 22 Tc(hAT &-a) 83 Fea2B12B% TC 22 Fe B 4 21 Fea2B14Be4 Tc 22 85.4 14.6 To TX 22 Fea2B16B% TC 22 Fe,.&, D 12 Fe-B-C 4, a, 21 FGb3 -,G 755x587 PFdX) 78 TC 22 Fe78B22 Xx O-lx- llO 44 57 F%.,B,,.a 4 21 FexB1oo--x--yCy 8O-S- x188, as, 4 vs. Y 93 TC 22 06y$9 Fea7B13 4,~s 21 Fe80B20-xG 45--x 512 BFC 94 To TX 22 Fe80%&o 21 Fe 81.5 B 12.5 4, 21 Fe80B20 Xx 2(X) 57 Tc 22 FeaoB12G D 12 %A2 F’Fe 21 FeaoBl G r,, TX 22 Tc 22 F%o’%.& D 12 Fe-B-Al FedhG D 12 Fe84B16-xAlx 05x53 o,, T,, TX vs. x 84 F%oBd% D 12 Fe84B,3A13 Tc 22 FeaoBl& D 12 ‘%B&6 21 Fe-B-AI-Si Fe 81.5B 13.5C 5 22 Fe,,B,,A16Si2 21 Fed%& 22 Fe-B-Au Fed&2 r, 21 Fe80-xB20Aux O~x<lO liFdX) 85 T,(x) 22 T,, TX vs. x 86 O~x~lO 44 95 Fe82-xB18Aux 21x56 AT, per at% Au 87 57 b6B20Au4 21 D 12 BFc Fed, ,Au2 as. PFe 21 4, as 21 Tc 22 F%&C, 4 21 D 12 Fe-B-M0 22 (Fe,-,Mo.&B,, 05x50.18 cm 100 TC pDFFM. O(X) 101 Fe-B-C-M0 12 G 22 21 Feo.&oo.&o- 0s B,oC,o D 12 D 12 Fe-B-C-P-Si 21 21 as FeslB13.&l.J’~.~- 22 Tc Sii.8 22 TC Fe-B-C-Si %(T) 102 21 Fe,,B,C&, 0s D 12 22 FesoWW~ Tc as 21 Fe,,(B-C-Si)19 0, ternary 96 Tc 22 diagram 21 0s Fe8d13.dCW~ Tc 22 D 12 Fes2B12.4C2.sSi2.~ 0s 21 Tc 22 Fes3B12(CW~ Tc 22 Fe,,-,B,,Mo, 2<_x 16_ AT, per at% MO 87 Fes3B14Cl.5%.5 Tc 22 D 12 Fe76%20M04 21 Fe-B-Ga Qs FelOo-x-yBxGay 0~~~26, cs ternary 97 Tc 22 O<y<6 diagram D 12 Fe,,-,%,,Ga, 01-x (8 _ i)Fe(X) 98 Tc 22 T,, TX vs. x 99 Fe77.6B2&02.4 Tc 22 Tc 22 Fe7sB20M02 Q,,B s 21 Qs 21 METGLASTM Tc 22 Tc 22 2605A T,, T,vs. 103 Fes4B13Ga3 Tc 22 neutron dose critical exponents 20 Fe-B-Ge D 12 FesoB20-,Ge, 05-x 41-5 PF.(X) 94 21 Tc 22 0s Fesl.A3.4h D 12 Qs 21 F%2.5Bl~G%.s 22 Tc 22 Tc FFee s833B-x1B21G7eG5e x o<_x <3- PTFe, , T,vs. x 9989 FFees8o0B%157MMo0~3 dTTcc /dx, 104 22 Fe-B-Hf-Si-Al Fe-B-Mo-Si Fe71B12Hf9Si5A13 OFFS, Hf 21 Fe,,%,,Mo.$i, To TX 22 21 Fe n.&&f~.s- FFe, Hf S&Al, 21 Fe,,BizHf&A13 BFs. Hf, ijFe Composition Properties Figures Tables Composition Properties Figures Tables range range Fe-B-N Fe4bNb-Si Fe2d%J%2 105 Fe,,B,,Nb,& T,, T, 22 Fe42B33N25 105 (Fe,-,Nb,),,B,2- 0~x~0.115 T,, TX 108 %J%.3~~ 105 I, 109 106 F~~~@b, ask 79sx<88 us, T, vs. x 107 105 B12Sisa-~ 106 (Feo.go5Nb~.d~3- To T, 22 Fes6B12N2 105 B12% 106 Fe-B-P Fe,,‘%d’, P.1 21 AT, per at% Nb 87 FexByP1~~--r--y 75<- x18- 3, Pat(Y) 110 101 oI;y<22 Tc (Y) III FesoB,P20-. o<_x <2- 0 PFc(X) 112 D 12 FeeoBzo-.P. 05x520 94 21 WdLJ’~~ FxC) 22 9 Nb’ u= 22 Fe-B-P-M0 DC 12 (%.93 M%dm- D 12 21 B,d’,o 0% 21 FNbVUS 22 Tc 22 DC 12 21 Fe-B-Pd pFe.Nb, u, 22 F+P2J% 4 21 4T c 104 21 Fes3-,Bl,Pd, 01- x52- BTFC,. TX vs. x 1II41 3 dTc/&, 21 FeslB17Pd2 4 21 BFc. Nb, us, 4 22 Tc 22 Tc Feo.g6~~.d~4.~- D 12 Fe-EPt B 15.5 BFe, Nbv Us 21 Fes2-.BlsR 25x56 AT,perat%Pt 87 Tc 22 Fes3-,B17Pt, 05x56 PFe 113 (Fe~.dJb~.d~~.~- D 12 T,, TX vs. x 114 B 15.5 21 %J%Pt3 21 22 FeslB17Pt2 21 Fe-B-Re B 20 W%0Re80-x 501-x- 580 PFe, 7-c vs. x 115 T&-a) 118 Fe-B-Rh To TX 22 0s 21 F%A7Rh3 dTCl&th 104 % 21 Fe-B-Ru To TX 22 %dG7Ru3 dTc/dx,, 104 Fe-B-Ru-Si To TX 22 Fe,,B,,Ru&& 0s 21 44 119 Fe,,B,,Ru,Si, 0s 21 At(x) 120 We(x) 121 Fe-B-SC TFe(X) 94 Fe8Ao% Tc 22 21 PFe, as Fe-B-Si 22 To TX Fe,B,Si, x>-6 5,y,zs35 T, ternary 116 22 To TX diagram 21 4 4 21 22 TC TC 22 &&& To TX 22 4 21 FC-32 (China) Tc 22 Fed%& 22 Tc 22 . Fe81BloSi9 12 To TX 22 Fe,lB13% 21 Tc 22 Fe81B15SL 21 21-x- 16 AT, per at% Si 87 Fe81B16Si3 22 as, 4 21 Fe81B16.5SL5 21 Tc. TX 22 Tc 22 Tc 22 TC 22 To TX 22 Tc 22 Tc, TX 22 0s 21 To TX 22 Tc 22 4 21 hdL3i~ 4 21 hdWi6 To TX 22 fls 21 FC-31 (China) Tc 22 Rdh& 21 M-7 117 METGLASTM 22 Fe7Jh5% D 12 2605 S Fe78B13Si9 4 21 METGLASTM To TX 22 0s 21 2605 S-2 TC 22 Tc 22 0s 21

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