Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies and Their Supramolecular Structures PDF
Preview Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies and Their Supramolecular Structures
128 Structure and Bonding SeriesEditor:D.M.P.Mingos EditorialBoard: P.Day·X.Duan·L.H.Gade·T.J.Meyer G.Parkin·J.-P.Sauvage StructureandBonding SeriesEditor:D.M.P.Mingos RecentlyPublishedandForthcoming Volumes ContemporaryMetalBoronChemistry Non-CovalentMulti-PorphyrinAssemblies VolumeEditors:Marder,T.B.,Lin,Z. SynthesisandProperties Vol.130,2008 VolumeEditor:Alessio,E. Vol.121,2006 RecognitionofAnions VolumeEditor:Vilar,R. RecentDevelopmentsinMercurySience Vol.129,2008 VolumeEditor:Atwood,DavidA. Vol.120,2006 LiquidCrystallineFunctionalAssemblies andTheirSupramolecularStructures LayeredDoubleHydroxides VolumeEditor:Kato,T. VolumeEditors:Duan,X.,Evans,D.G. Vol.128,2008 Vol.119,2005 OrganometallicandCoordinationChemistry SemiconductorNanocrystals oftheActinides andSilicateNanoparticles VolumeEditor:Albrecht-Schmitt,T.E. VolumeEditors:Peng,X.,Mingos,D.M.P. Vol.127,2008 Vol.118,2005 HalogenBonding MagneticFunctionsBeyond FundamentalsandApplications theSpin-Hamiltonian VolumeEditors:Metrangolo,P.,Resnati,G. VolumeEditor:Mingos,D.M.P. Vol.126,2008 Vol.117,2005 HighEnergyDensityMaterials IntermolecularForcesandClustersII VolumeEditor:Klapötke,T.H. VolumeEditor:Wales,D.J. Vol.125,2007 Vol.116,2005 Ferro-andAntiferroelectricity IntermolecularForcesandClustersI VolumeEditors:Dalal,N.S., VolumeEditor:Wales,D.J. Bussmann-Holder,A. Vol.115,2005 Vol.124,2007 SuperconductivityinComplexSystems PhotofunctionalTransitionMetalComplexes VolumeEditors:Müller,K.A., VolumeEditor:V.W.W.Yam Bussmann-Holder,A. Vol.123,2007 Vol.114,2005 Single-MoleculeMagnets PrinciplesandApplications andRelatedPhenomena ofDensityFunctionalTheory VolumeEditor:Winpenny,R. inInorganicChemistryII Vol.122,2006 VolumeEditors: Kaltsoyannis,N.,McGrady,J.E. Vol.113,2004 Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies and Their Supramolecular Structures Volume Editor: TakashiKato Withcontributionsby J.E.Bara·M.Funahashi·D.L.Gin·J.W.Goodby·T.Kato R.L.Kerr·H.Kikuchi·M.Lee·P.T.Mather·C.S.Pecinovsky S.J.Rowan·J.-H.Ryu·I.M.Saez·H.Shimura·M.Yoshio 123 The series Structure and Bonding publishes critical reviews on topicsof research concerned with chemicalstructureandbonding.ThescopeoftheseriesspanstheentirePeriodicTable.Itfocuses attentiononnewanddevelopingareasofmodernstructuralandtheoreticalchemistrysuchasna- nostructures,molecularelectronics,designed molecularsolids,surfaces,metalclustersandsupra- molecularstructures.Physicalandspectroscopictechniquesusedtodetermine,examineandmodel structuresfallwithin thepurviewofStructureandBondingtotheextent thatthefocusisonthe scientificresultsobtainedandnotonspecialistinformationconcerningthetechniquesthemselves. Issuesassociatedwiththedevelopmentofbondingmodelsandgeneralizationsthatilluminatethe reactivitypathwaysandratesofchemicalprocessesarealsorelevant. Asarule,contributionsarespeciallycommissioned.Theeditorsandpublisherswill,however,always bepleasedtoreceivesuggestionsandsupplementaryinformation.PapersareacceptedforStructure andBondinginEnglish. InreferencesStructureandBondingisabbeviatedStructBondandiscitedasajournal. SpringerWWWhomepage:springer.com VisittheStructBondcontentatspringerlink.com ISBN978-3-540-77866-0 e-ISBN978-3-540-77867-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-540-77867-7 StructureandBondingISSN0081-5993 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008921239 (cid:1)c 2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerial isconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broad- casting,reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationof thispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLaw ofSeptember9,1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfrom Springer.ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. 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Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg TypesettingandProduction:LE-TEXJelonek,Schmidt&VöcklerGbR,Leipzig Printedonacid-freepaper 9876543210 springer.com SeriesEditor Prof.D.MichaelP.Mingos Principal St.EdmundHall OxfordOX14AR,UK [email protected] VolumeEditor Prof.TakashiKato DepartmentofChemistry/Biotechnology SchoolofEngineering TheUniversityofTokyo 7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku 113-8656Tokyo,Japan [email protected] EditorialBoard Prof.PeterDay Prof.ThomasJ.Meyer DirectorandFullerianProfessor DepartmentofChemistry ofChemistry CampusBox3290 TheRoyalInstitutionofGreatBritain VenableandKenanLaboratories 21AlbermarleStreet TheUniversityofNorthCarolina LondonW1X4BS,UK andChapelHill [email protected] ChapelHill,NC27599-3290,USA [email protected] Prof.XueDuan Prof.GerardParkin Director StateKeyLaboratory DepartmentofChemistry(Box3115) ofChemicalResourceEngineering ColumbiaUniversity BeijingUniversityofChemicalTechnology 3000Broadway 15BeiSanHuanDongLu NewYork,NewYork10027,USA Beijing100029,P.R.China [email protected] [email protected] Prof.Jean-PierreSauvage Prof.LutzH.Gade FacultédeChimie Anorganisch-ChemischesInstitut LaboratoiresdeChimie UniversitätHeidelberg Organo-Minérale ImNeuenheimerFeld270 UniversitéLouisPasteur 69120Heidelberg,Germany 4,rueBlaisePascal [email protected] 67070StrasbourgCedex,France [email protected] StructureandBonding AlsoAvailableElectronically For all customers who have a standing order to Structure and Bonding, we offer the electronic version via SpringerLink free of charge. Please contact yourlibrarianwhocanreceiveapasswordorfreeaccesstothefullarticlesby registeringat: springerlink.com Ifyoudonothaveasubscription,youcanstillviewthetablesofcontentsofthe volumesandtheabstractofeacharticlebygoingtotheSpringerLinkHome- page,clickingon“BrowsebyOnlineLibraries”,then“ChemicalSciences”,and finallychooseStructureandBonding. Youwillfindinformationaboutthe – EditorialBoard – AimsandScope – InstructionsforAuthors – SampleContribution atspringer.comusingthesearchfunction. Color figures are published in full color within the electronic version on SpringerLink. Preface Liquid crystals are a soft material formed through molecular assembly. The liquid crystalline state is unique because it combines molecular order and dynamicproperties.Nematicliquidcrystalshavebeenwidelyusedindisplay devicesbecauseoftheiranisotropicnatureandresponsivenesstoelectricfields. Generally,nematicliquidcrystalsconsistofrod-likemoleculesandtheyform no nano-segregated structures. Recently, intensive studies have focused on liquidcrystalsformingnano-segregatedstructuressuchassmectic,columnar, andcubicphasestodevelopnewfunctionalmaterials. Thesenanostructured liquid crystals are expected to show enhanced or anisotropic properties in the following applications: electrooptics, photonics, transportation of elec- trons, ions, or molecules, sensory, catalysis, and bioactivity properties. To inducethesefunctionsinnanostructuredliquidcrystals,controlofthenano- segregatedstructuresofthemolecularassembliesaswellasthedesignofthe structureofeachmoleculeisofgreatimportance. Anumberoffundamentalaspectsofliquidcrystalswerepresentedinvol- umes 94 and 95 of Structure and Bonding, published in 1999 and edited by Prof.Mingos.The present volume reflectsrecent aspects inthe development offunctionalliquidcrystalswhichformnano-segregatedstructures.Theedi- torhasintendedtoprovidereaderswiththemostup-to-dateinformationon the design of liquid crystalline materials. In conventional liquid crystalline compounds, the shapes of the mesogens were basically rod-like or disk-like molecules with covalent bonds. On the basis of their molecular weights, the materialswereclassifiedsimplyintolowmolecularweightliquidcrystalsand polymerliquidcrystals.Thepolymerliquidcrystalswerecategorizedasmain- chainandside-chaintypes.Thedesignofnewmoleculararchitecturesbased onliquidcrystalsinvolvesthesynthesesofpolymerswithwell-definedstruc- tures such as dendrimers and molecules with block structures. Moreover, supramolecular architectures based on liquid crystals have been intensively studied.Supramolecularliquidcrystalsformwell-definedstructuresthrough non-covalent bonding including hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. Thepresentvolumecoversthesenewaspectsofdesignandfunctionalization ofliquidcrystals. InChapter1,SaezandGoodbydescribeunconventionalliquidcrystalshav- ing“supermolecular”structuresthataremorecomplexthanthoseofconven- X Preface tional liquid crystals. They focus on dendritic liquid crystals with monodis- persed and discrete molecular structures. These materials can incorporate functionalmoieties intheself-organizedstates. InChapter 2,Lee reportson the self-assembly of rod–coil molecules consisting of a rod-like mesogenic partandflexiblecoils.Theyhaveblockstructuresinducingavarietyofliquid crystallinephasesthatformthenano-segregatedstructures. Chirality is also an important aspect of liquid crystals. The introduction of chiral moieties into the chiral smectic phases induces functions such as ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity. A few of the unconventional chiral liquidcrystalsaredescribedinChapter1.Thebluephaseisoneoftheexotic chiral liquid crystalline phases. In Chapter 3, Kikuchi introduces the basic aspectsandrecentprogressinresearchofthebluephase.Recently,thematerials exhibitingthebluephaseshaveattractedattentionbecausesignificantphotonic andelectro-opticfunctionsareexpectedfromthematerials. In Chapters 1, 2, and 3 unconventional liquid crystalline molecules with complex structures based on covalent bonding are described. In Chapter 4, Rowan and Mather demonstrate that non-covalent bonding such as hydro- gen bondsmay be used for thedesign and construction ofliquid crystalline materials. Polymericmaterialshaveadvantagesbecauseoftheirstabilityandstructure- formingproperties.Electron-andion-activeorganicpolymericmaterialshave attractedattentionfornewdevices. InChapter 5,Katoandco-workersfocus on polymeric liquid crystalline materials that are used for the development of functional materials transporting ions and electrons. The nanostructures such as smectic and columnar phases exhibited by side-chain, main-chain, dendritic,andnetworkpolymersmayexhibitone-andtwo-dimensionaltrans- portationproperties. Thermotropic liquid crystals and also lyotropic liquid crystals generate functional molecular assemblies. Lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are ex- hibited by amphiphilic molecules in appropriate solvents. They form nano- segregatedstructuresbecausethemolecularstructuresconsistofhydrophilic andhydrophobiccomponents.InChapter6,Ginandco-workersdescribehow lyotropicliquid crystalsmaybeused toformfunctionalmaterials. Lyotropic liquid crystals can act as templates for inorganic materials, ion conductors, catalysts,drugdeliverysystems,andnanofilters. Ihopethepresentvolumewillbeveryinformativeandinspiringforscien- tistsandengineerswhoareinterestedindevelopingnewfunctionalmaterials based onthemolecular orderformedinliquid crystalsand theirnanostruc- tures. Tokyo,January2008 TakashiKato Contents SupermolecularLiquidCrystals I.M.Saez·J.W.Goodby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 LiquidCrystallineAssemblyofRod–CoilMolecules J.-H.Ryu·M.Lee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 LiquidCrystallineBluePhases H.Kikuchi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 SupramolecularInteractionsintheFormation ofThermotropicLiquidCrystallinePolymers S.J.Rowan·P.T.Mather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 FunctionalLiquidCrystallinePolymers forIonicandElectronicConduction M.Funahashi·H.Shimura·M.Yoshio·T.Kato . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 FunctionalLyotropicLiquidCrystalMaterials D.L.Gin·C.S.Pecinovsky·J.E.Bara·R.L.Kerr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 AuthorIndexVolumes101–128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
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