Liposomes as Tools in Basic Research and Industry (1994) PDF
Preview Liposomes as Tools in Basic Research and Industry (1994)
LIPOSOMES as TOOLS in BASIC RESEARCH and INDUSTRY Edited by Jean R. Philippot, Ph.D. CNRS Research Director Membrane Interactions Laboratory University of Montpellier II Montpellier, France Francis Schuber, Ph.D. CNRS Research Director Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory Loius Pasteur University Strasbourg-Illkirch, France First published 1995 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1995 by Taylor & Francis CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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CCC is a not-for-profit organiza-tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 94022192 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-138-10605-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-71325-9 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com PREFACE This book, devoted to a broader understanding of liposomes, is not aimed at people engaged in current uses of these vesicles in fields such as drug delivery, targeting, and other pharmacological fields. The liposome is a versatile tool which can be used in many domains, including basic research and applied technology. We aim to present these different domains, and to describe some of the main results already obtained. Most of the liposome applications which are already well documented in other books will be excluded from this presentation, with the exception of some very recent developments. Liposomes have been widely used to reconstitute membrane functions due to the similarity between the liposome bilayer and biological membranes. However, recent progress (e.g., mild solubilization of membranes) has completely changed our perspectives in this field. Liposomes are also increasingly used in studies performed to understand such important phenomena as endocytosis, membrane fusion, antigen processing, and T cell presentation. Over the past few years new types of liposomes have appeared, e.g. made of nonphospholipid molecules, which have opened new perspectives of applications because of their high resistance in body fluids, their possibility of carrying oil, and their cheapness. These lipid vesicles already used in cosme tology have begun to be manufactured for many other industrial and agricultural uses. On the other hand, pH-sensitive liposomes, Stealth® liposomes, and cationic liposomes have enlarged and improved the application field of liposomes in clinical research. This book should cover these different uses of liposomes with particular attention to new formulations and new applications. It will be of interest to people involved in the field of cellular biology and other related biological disciplines, as well as those having to improve their knowledge on the different possibilities of the liposome concept. THE EDITORS Jean R. Philippot, Ph.D., is a Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France and Director of the Membrane Interactions Laboratory (URA-CNRS 530) at the University of Montpellier II. He received his graduate degree from the University of Sciences of Montpellier in 1958 and obtained his Ph.D. degree at Paris-Sorbonne University in 1962. He is an engineer in Organic Chemistry from the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier. In 1963 he was a postdoctoral fellow at the Physiological Department of Cambridge University, England. In 1958, Dr. Philippot was appointed to the CNRS. He served as Visiting Scientist at the Pharmalogical Laboratory of the Bern Veterinary School, Switzerland, from 1967 to 1968; as Professor of biophysics at Montpellier Medical School, from 1968 to 1972; and as Visiting Professor in the Radiobiology Department of Tufts Medical School in Boston, from 1974 to 1976. Dr. Philippot is a founding member of the Groupe Thématique de Recherche sur les Vecteurs (GTRV), the French Society for Drug Delivery. He also serves as a consultant for several French and American pharmaceutical companies. He has carried out research in such diverse fields as the active transport of ions in erythrocytes and feedback regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. Since 1980, he has worked, published, and lectured on the targeting of drugs with liposomes and has written over 100 papers and book chapters, as well as co editing one book on liposomes. Francis Schuber, Ph.D., is a Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Department (CNRS) and is Head of the Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory (associated with CNRS) at the Pharmacy of the University Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg-Ilkirch, France. Dr. Schuber graduated from the University of Strasbourg in 1963 with a B.S. in Chemistry. In 1967, he obtained his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the same institution. He was a postdoctoral fellow in the Chemistry Department of the University of Ottawa, Canada, from 1968 to 1970 and in 1973 was a Visiting Professor at McGill University in Montreal, Canada. From 1981 to 1982, he stayed at the Cancer Research Institute at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Schuber was appointed to the CNRS in 1966 where he has spent most of his career. He is a member of the American Chemical Society, the Société Française de Chimie, and the Société Française de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire. In 1976, Dr. Schuber, along with Professor P. Couvreur, founded the Groupe Thématique de Recherche sur les Vecteurs (GTRV), the French Society for Drug Delivery. He also serves as a consultant for several pharmaceutical companies. Dr. Schuber is the author or co-author of about 100 papers and book chapters and has co-edited one book on liposomes. His current research interests relate to bioorganic chemistry: chemical enzymology, bioconjugation chemistry, synthesis of ligands for targeting (liposomes, genes), and synthetic vaccines. CONTRIBUTORS Jean-Paul Behr, Ph.D. Christan Marechal, Ph.D. Lab de Chimie Génétique LVMH Service Propriété Industrielle CNRS URA 1386 Paris, France Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg Illkirch, France Rajiv Mathur Micro Vesicular System, Inc. David Collins, Ph.D. Nashua, New Hampshire Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Pierre G. Milhaud, Ph.D. AMGEN Center Institut de Génétique Moléculaire Thousand Oaks, California CNRS Montpellier, France Robert J. Debs, Ph.D. Cancer Research Institute Roger R.C. New, Ph.D. University of California Cortecs Research Laboratory San Francisco, California London School of Pharmacy London, England Nejat Düzgüneç, PhD. Department of Microbiology Shlomo Nir, Ph.D. University of the Pacific The Seagram Centre School of Dentistry Faculty of Agriculture San Francisco, California Hebrew University of Jerusalem Rehovot, Israel Martin Friede, Ph.D. Université Louis Pasteur Demetrios Papahadjopoulos, Ph.D. CNRS URA 1386 University of California Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg Cancer Research Institute and Strasbourg-Illkirch, France Department of Pharmacology San Francisco, California Alberto A. Gabizon, M.D., Ph.D. Sharett Institute of Oncology Pierre Perrier, Ph.D. Hadassah Medical Center Parfums Christian Dior Jerusalem, Israel Saint Jean de Braye, France Dick Hoekstra, Ph.D. Jean R. Philippot, Ph.D. Department of Physiological Chemistry Université Monpellier II University of Groningen Department Biologie-Santé Groningen, The Netherlands CNRS URA 530 Montpellier, France S. Kumar, Ph.D. Vineland Laboratories Bruno Pitard, Ph.D. Vineland, New Jersey Section de Bioénergétique Centre d'Etudes Nucléaire de Saclay Lee Leserman, M.D., Ph.D. Gif-sur-Yvette, France Centre d*Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy Christophe O. Puyal Marseille, France Université Montpellier II Department Biologie-Santé Maria C.P. de Lima, Ph.D. CNRS-URA 530 Department of Biochemistry Montpellier, France Center for Neurosciences and Cell Biology Gérard Redziniak, Ph.D. University of Coimbra Parfums Christian Dior Coimbra, Portugal Saint Jean de Braye, France Jean-Serge Remy, Ph.D. Colin Tilcock, Ph.D. Lab de Chimie Génétique Department of Radiology CNRS URA 1386 University of British Columbia Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg Vancouver, Canada Illkirch, France Carole Varanelli Micro Vesicular System, Inc. Jean-Louis Rigaud, Ph.D. Nashua, New Hampshire Section de Bioénergéteque Centre d*Etudes Nucléaire de Saclay Peter Walden, Ph.D. Gif-sur-Yvette, France Abteilung Immungenetik Max-Plank-Institut für Biologie Francis Schuber, Ph.D. Tübingen, Germany Université Louis Pasteur CNRS URA 1386 Donald F.H. Wallach, M.D., Ph.D. Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg Micro Vesicular System, Inc. Strasbourg-Illkirch, France Nashua, New Hampshire Claude Sirlin, PhD. Lab de Chimie Génétique CNRS URA 1386 Faculté de Pharmacie de Strasbourg Illkirch, France CONTENTS PARTI. THE LIPOSOMES Chapter 1 Influence of Liposome Characteristics on Their Properties and Fate......................................................3 Roger R.C. New Chapter 2 Chemistry of Ligand-Coupling to Liposomes.........................................................................................21 Francis Schuber Chapter 3 Non-Phospholipid Molecules and Modified Phospholipid Components of Liposomes........................41 Jean R. Philippot, Pierre Milhaud, Christophe O. Puyal, and Donald F.H. Wallach Chapter 4 Liposomes at the Industrial Scale............................................................................................................59 Gérard Redziniak, Pierre Perrier, and Christan Marechal PART II. LIPOSOMES AS CELL OR MEMBRANE MODELS Chapter 5 Liposomes as Tools for the Reconstitution of Biological Systems.......................................................71 Jean-Louis Rigaud and Bruno Pitard Chapter 6 Liposomes as Tools in Immunological Studies.......................................................................................89 Peter Walden Chapter 7 Liposomes as Tools for Elucidating the Mechanisms of Membrane Fusion.......................................103 Nejat Düzgüne§ and Shlomo Nir Chapter 8 Liposomes, Viruses, and Membrane Fusion..........................................................................................137 Maria C.P. de Lima and Dick Hoekstra PART III. NEW DEVELOPMENTS OF LIPOSOMES Chapter 9 Gene Transfer with Cationic Amphiphiles............................................................................................159 Jean-Serge Remy, Claude Sirlin, and Jean-Paul Behr Chapter 10 Cationic Liposome-Mediated Gene Transfer In Vitro and In Vivo.....................................................171 Robert J. Debs Chapter 11 Sterically Stabilized (Stealth®) Liposomes: Pharmacological Properties and Drug Carrying Potential in Cancer.................................................................................................................................177 Demetrios Papahadjopoulos and Alberto A. Gabizon Chapter 12 Liposomes as Carriers of Antigens.......................................................................................................189 Martin Friede Chapter 13 pH-Sensitive Liposomes as Tools for Cytoplasmic Delivery..............................................................201 David Collins Chapter 14 Liposomes as Transporters of Oligonucleotides...................................................................................215 Lee Leserman Chapter 15 Imaging Tools: Liposomal Agents for Nuclear Medicine, Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance, and Ultrasound...................................................................................................225 Colin Tilcock Chapter 16 Non-Phospholipid Liposomes: Principles and Bulk Applications.......................................................241 Donald F.H. Wallach and Rajiv Mathur Chapter 17 Non-Phospholipid Vesicles as Experimental Immunological Adjuvants.............................................253 Carole Varanellit S. Kumar, and Donald F.H. Wallach Index.......................................................................................................................................................267 PARTI The Liposomes
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