Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi (1996)

302 Pages·1996·18.978 MB·\302

by  Rajendra Prasad (Author), Mahmoud A. Ghannoum (Author)

LIPIDS
of
PATHOGENIC
FUNGI

LIPIDS
Of
PATHOGENIC
FUNGI
Edited by
RAJENDRA PRASAD
School of Life Sciences
Jawaharlal Nehru University
New Delhi
India
MAHMOUD A. GHANNOÜM
Department of Dermatology
Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland, Ohio
Ü.S.A.
First published 1996 by CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
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PREFACE
Lipids of fungi have attracted the attention of a number of scientists
because they not only perform storage and architectural function, but are
also involved in a number of other vital functions of the cells. With the
recent realization that lipids are also involved in the anchoring of
glycoprotein and can mediate cellular transduction mechanisms, there are
concerted efforts to establish their importance in pathogenicity. A recent
increase in various fungal infections, due to Candida, Aspergillus,
Blastomyces and Histoplasma spp. and Dermatophytes, has attracted an
interest to study the biochemistry of responsible fungal pathogens. Lipids
provide a site of action of many antifungals, which acts as a barrier for the
cellular ingress of various metabolites, in addition to their role in
dimorphism, adherence and virulence.
In spite of the importance of lipids in pathogenic fungi, there is
hardly any book which exclusively deals with these aspects. There are,
however, occasional reviews which have dealt with lipids of some of the
pathogenic fungi. In the form of this volume, we have made this attempt at
gathering relevant data together into a single comprehensive reference book.
At present, when interdisciplinary research has emerged as the only
meaningful approach to deal with the complex academic challenges, a book
by one or two authors could not satisfactorily cover numerous aspects of a
growing field. It is for such reasons that we have compiled a multiauthored
book where inputs from various experts in the field have been brought
together to present the whole gamut of lipids of pathogenic fungi.
This book does not claim to be the exhaustive account of lipids of
all pathogenic fungi but rather deals only with a select few fungi whose
infections have become a serious threat to health. The book deals with the
lipid composition of various pathogenic fungi and a critical assessment of its
metabolism. The emerging role of lipids in pathogenesis is also included in
the discussion by several authors. The absence of one or the other aspect of
lipids of pathogenic fungi in chapters presented in this volume only reflects
the lack of data. It is hoped that this volume will provide needed impetus to
conduct research in unexplored areas of pathogenic fungi. One of the
chapters is completely devoted to introducing different pathogenic fungi and
it should especially be useful to researchers who are new to the field or
those who would like to have a brief insight into the clinical manifestations
of infections caused by these agents. Two other chapters exclusively deal
with antifungals. We thought it would be better if a discussion on the
possible antifungals agents, as well as some non-conventional agents, and
their targets were also included in the same volume which is devoted to
those very organisms against which these drugs are developed. Thus the
chapters of the book provide an overview of a growing field. Individually
and collectively these chapters should be stimulating to the reader and
should serve as springboards for further in-depth studies. It is sincerely
hoped that this book will be useful not only to clinicians but also to those
who are engaged in the important task of resolving diverse problems
associated with fungal pathogenicity.
We would like to thank our contributors for readily agreeing to
participate in this book and for their forbearance and patience whilst the
final chapters were awaited. Our wives and families have been as usual the
main casualties during this project. Our sincere thanks to them for being
very supportive of this project and very generous in allowing us the time it
required. We remain indebted to our students who took time out to help us
by very critically reading the text and in offering valuable suggestions.
Thanks are also due to Ms. Marsha Baker, CRC Press, Inc., for her help in
the preparation of the camera ready copies. Her assistance was instrumental
in shortening the time taken to finalize the volume.
On a personal note, deepest gratitude is due from myself, Mahmoud
A. Ghannoum, to the following people without whom, through the
tribulations of the past five years, my arrival in and assimilation into the
United States would not have been possible: Dr. John E. Bennett, Dr. John
E. Edwards, Jr., Dr. Jack Sobel and Dr. Douglas Webb.
My sincere thanks.
R. Prasad
M.A. Ghannoum
CONTRIBUTORS
Charles W. Bacon Althea M. Grant
Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry,
Emory University, Emory University,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Kathleen Barr Ashraf S. Ibrahim
Department of Microbiology and Harbor-UCLA Medical Center,
Immunology, Torrance, CA, 90509, USA.
Uniformed Services University of
the Health Sciences,
Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
J. Basu G. K. Khuller
Department of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry,
Bose Institute, Post Graduate Institute of Medical
Calcutta-700009, India. Education and Research,
Chandigarh-160012, India.
Jacques Bolard Yasuo Kitajima
Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Department of Biochemistry,
Biomoléculaire, Gifu University, School of
Université Paris VI, Medicine,
75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500, Japan.
H. M. Calvet Anjni Koul
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, School of Life Sciences,
Torrance, CA 90509, USA. Jawaharlal Nehru University,
New Delhi-110067, India.
Warren M. Casey M. Kundu
Glaxo Five Moore Drive, Department of Chemistry,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, Bose Institute,
USA. Calcutta-700009, India.
P. Chakrabarti D. M. Lӧsel
Department of Chemistry, Department of Animal and Plant
Bose Institute, Sciences, University of Sheffield,
Calcutta-700009, India. SheffieldS 10 2TN, UK.
Mahmoud A. Ghannoum Nandini Manchanda
Department of Dermatology, Department of Biochemistry,
University Hospitals of Cleveland, Post Graduate Institute of Medical
Case Western Reserve University, Education and Research,
Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA Chandigarh-160012, India
Alfred H. Merrill, Jr. Rajendra Prasad
Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences,
Emory University, Jawaharlal Nehru University,
Atlanta, GA 30322, USA. New Delhi-110067, India.
Jeannine Milhaud Homayoon Sanati
Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Harbor-UCLA Medical Center,
Biomoléculaire, Torrance, CA, 90509, USA.
Université Paris VI,
75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
Pranab K. Mukherjee M. Sancholle
School of Life Sciences, Laboratoire de
Jawaharlal Nehru University, Cryptogamie/Phytopathologie,
New Delhi-110067, India. Université du Littoral,
B.P. 699-62228 Calais Cedex,
France.
Yoshinori Nozawa Elaine Wang
Department of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry,
Gifu University, Emory University,
School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi- Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
40, Gifu 500, Japan.
Leo W. Parks
Department of Microbiology,
North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC 27965, USA.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1
Selected Human Pathogenic Fungi
H. M. Calvet and M. A. Ghannoum 1
Chapter 2
Fungal Lipids
D. M. Lösel and M. Sancholle 27
Chapter 3
Fungal Sterols
L. W. Parks and W. M. Casey 63
Chapter 4
Lipids of Histoplasma capsulatum
K. Barr 83
Chapter 5
Lipids of Candida albicans
R. Prasad, A. Koul, P. K. Mukherjee and M. A. Ghannoum 105
Chapter 6
Lipids of Aspergillus
P. Chakrabarti, M. Kundu and J. Basu 139
Chapter 7
Lipids of Cryptococcus neoformans
A. S. Ibrahim, H. Sanati and M. A. Ghannoum 155
Chapter 8
Lipids of Dermatophytes
G. K. Khuller and N. Manchanda 169
Chapter 9
Lipids and Lipid-like Compounds of Fusarium
A. H. Merrill, Jr., A. M. Grant, E. Wang and C. W. Bacon 199
Chapter 10
Lipids and Dimorphism of Candida albicans and Sporothrix
schenckii
Y. Kitajima and Y. Nozawa 219