Lipid metabolism PDF
Preview Lipid metabolism
ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY 335 Jan van Galenstraat, P.O. Box 211, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY LIMITED Barking, Essex, England AMERICAN ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10017 Library of Congress Card Number 62-10359 Standard Book Number 444-40695-6 With 59 illustrations and 30 tables COPYRIGHT © 1969 BY ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, AMSTERDAM ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE REPRODUCED, STORED IN A RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR TRANSMITTED IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS, ELECTRONIC, MECHANICAL, PHOTOCOPYING, RECORDING, OR OTHERWISE, WITHOUT THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER, ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY, JAN VAN GALENSTRAAT 335, AMSTERDAM PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY ADVISORY BOARD SIR RUDOLPH A. PETERS, M.C., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S. Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Oxford; Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge Chairman C.F. CORI, M.D., D.Sc. Professor of Biochemistry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. J.N. DAVIDSON, D.Sc, M.D., F.R.S. Professor of Biochemistry, The University of Glasgow, Scotland E.F. GALE, D.Sc, F.R.S. Professor of Chemical Microbiology, University of Cambridge A. BAIRD HASTINGS, B.Sc, PH.D., D.SC. Director of Biochemistry Division, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, Calif. E. LEDERER, PH.D., D . SC Professor of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Paris F. LYNEN Max Planck Institute for Cell Chemistry, Munich R. NICOLAYSEN, M.D. Professor of Nutrition Research, University of Oslo S. OCHOA, B.A., M.D., HON. LL.D., HON. D . SC Professor of Biochemistry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, N.Y. J. ROCHE, D.Sc. Professor of General and Comparative Biochemistry, College de France, Paris KENNETH V. THIMANN Professor of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Calif. A. W. K. TISELIUS, D.Sc, FOR.F.R.S. Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden F. G. YOUNG, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S. Professor of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge C O M P R E H E N S I VE B I O C H E M I S T RY SECTION I (VOLUMES 1-4) PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ORGANIC ASPECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY SECTION II (VOLUMES 5-11) CHEMISTRY OF BIOLOGICAL COMPOUNDS SECTION III (VOLUMES 12-16) BIOCHEMICAL REACTION MECHANISMS SECTION IV (VOLUMES 17-21) METABOLISM SECTION v (VOLUMES 22-29) CHEMICAL BIOLOGY HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY (VOLUME 30) GENERAL INDEX (VOLUME 31) V C O M P R E H E N S I VE B I O C H E M I S T RY EDITED BY MARCEL FLORKIN Professor of Biochemistry, University of Liege (Belgium) AND ELMER H. STOTZ Professor of Biochemistry, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N.Y. (U.S.A.) VOLUME 17 CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ELSEVIER PUBLISHING COMPANY AMSTERDAM • LONDON • NEW YORK 1969 CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS VOLUME HERMAN S. BACHELARD, M.Sc, PH.D. Senior Lecturer in Biochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, S.E.5 (Great Britain) ROBERT K. CRANE, B.Sc, PH.D. Professor of Physiology and Chairman, Department of Physiology, Rutgers Medical School, New Brunswick, N.J. 08903 (U.S.A.) ALBERT DORFMAN, PH.D., M.D. Richard T. Crane Professor and Chairman of Pediatrics, Professor of Biochemistry, Director of the LaRabida-University of Chicago Institute, Director of the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center, University of Chicago, 950 East 59th Street, Chicago, 111. 60637 (U.S.A ) ENRICO GRAZI, M.D. Lecturer in Chemistry, Istituto di Chimica Biologica dell'Universita di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 25, Ferrara (Italia) ERNST J.M. HELMREICH, M.D. Professor of Physiological Chemistry, The University of Wiirzburg, School of Medicine, Koellikerstrasse 2, 87 Wiirzburg (Germany) HENRY McILWAIN, PH.D., D.SC. Professor of Biochemistry, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, S.E.5 (Great Britain) SANDRO PONTREMOLI, M.D. Professor of Biochemistry, Istituto di Chimica Biologica dell'Universita di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 25, Ferrara (Italia) IRWIN A. ROSE, PH.D. and ZELDA B. ROSE, PH.D. The Institute for Cancer Research, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pa. 19111 (U.S.A.) ALLEN C. STOOLMILLER, A.B., M.A., PH.D. Research Associate, Department of Pediatrics and the LaRabida-University of Chicago Institute, University of Chicago, 950 East 59th Street, Chicago, 111. 60637 (U.S.A.) OSCAR TOUSTER, PH.D. Professor of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn. 37203 (U.S.A.) GENERAL PREFACE The Editors are keenly aware that the literature of Biochemistry is already very large, in fact so widespread that it is increasingly difficult to assemble the most pertinent material in a given area. Beyond the ordinary textbook the subject matter of the rapidly expanding knowledge of biochemistry is spread among innumerable journals, monographs, and series of reviews. The Editors believe that there is a real place for an advanced treatise in biochemistry which assembles the principal areas of the subject in a single set of books. It would be ideal if an individual or small group of biochemists could produce such an advanced treatise, and within the time to keep reasonably abreast of rapid advances, but this is at least difficult if not impossible. Instead, the Editors with the advice of the Advisory Board, have assembled what they consider the best possible sequence of chapters written by competent authors; they must take the responsibility for inevitable gaps of subject matter and duplication which may result from this procedure. Most evident to the modern biochemists, apart from the body of knowledge of the chemistry and metabolism of biological substances, is the extent to which he must draw from recent concepts of physical and organic chemistry, and in turn project into the vast field of biology. Thus in the organization of Comprehensive Biochemistry, the middle three sections, Chemistry of Biological Compounds, Biochemical Reaction Mechanisms, and Metabolism may be considered classical biochemistry, while the first and last sections provide selected material on the origins and projections of the subject. It is hoped that sub-division of the sections into bound volumes will not only be convenient, but will find favour among students concerned with specialized areas, and will permit easier future revisions of the individual volumes. Toward the latter end particularly, the Editors will welcome all comments in their effort to produce a useful and efficient source of biochem ical knowledge. M. FLORKIN Liege/Rochester E. H. STOTZ PREFACE TO SECTION IV (VOLUMES 17-21) Metabolism in its broadest context may be regarded as the most dynamic aspect of biochemistry, yet depends entirely for its advances on progress in the knowledge of the structure of natural compounds, structure-function relationships in enzymes, bioenergetics, and cytochemistry. Approaches to the study of metabolism rangefrom whole organism studies, with a limited possibility of revealing mechanisms, to cytochemical or even purified enzyme systems, sometimes with little attention to physiological conditions. Yet all approaches broaden our understanding of metabolism, and all of them may be recognized in the volumes assembled in Section IV on Metabolism. It is not unexpected, then, that previous sections of Comprehensive Biochemistry actually deal with some aspects under the broad heading of Metabolism and that the succeeding Section V on Chemical Biology will certainly draw heavily on a basic understanding of metabolism. Nevertheless Section IV attempts to bring together the broad outlines of the metabolism of amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and their derived products. The currently rapid advances in feed-back, hormonal, and genetic control of metabolism make it particularly difficult that these volumes be current, but the authors, editors, and publishers have made all possible efforts to include the most recent advances. M. FLORKIN Liege/Rochester E. H. STOTZ The two chapters by JOHN M. LOWENSTEIN entitled "Pyruvate Oxidation" and "The Citric Acid Cycle" originally scheduled to appear in this volume, will now be included in Vol. 18. COMPREHENSIVE BIOCHEMISTRY Section I—Physico-Chemical and Organic Aspects of Biochemistry Volume 1. Atomic and molecular structure Volume 2. Organic and physical chemistry Volume 3. Methods for the study of molecules Volume 4. Separation methods Section II— Chemistry of Biological Compounds Volume 5. Carbohydrates Volume 6. Lipids — Amino acids and related compounds Volume 7. Proteins (Part 1) Volume 8. Proteins (Part 2) and Nucleic acids Volume 9. Pyrrole pigments, isoprenoid compounds, phenolic plant constituents Volume 10. Sterols, bile acids and steroids Volume 11. Water-soluble vitamins, hormones, antibiotics Section III—Biochemical Reaction Mechanisms Volume 12. Enzymes — general considerations Volume 13 (second revised edition). Enzyme nomenclature Volume 14. Biological oxidations Volume 15. Group-transfer reactions Volume 16. Hydrolytic reactions; cobamide and biotin coenzymes Section IV—Metabolism Volume 17. Carbohydrate metabolism Volume 18. Lipid metabolism and citric acid metabolism Volume 19. Metabolism of amino acids, proteins, purines, and pyrimidines Volume 20. Metabolism of porphyrins, steroids, isoprenoids, flavonoids and fungal sub stances Volume 21. Vitamins and inorganic metabolism Section V—Chemical Biology Volume 22. Bioenergetics Volume 23. Cytochemistry Volume 24. Biological information transfer. Viruses. Chemical immunology Volume 25. Regulatory functions, membrane phenomena Volume 26. Part A. Extracellular and supporting structures Volume 26. Part B. Extracellular and supporting structures (continued) Volume 26. Part C. Extracellular and supporting structures (continued) Volume 27. Photobiology, ionizing radiations Volume 28. Morphogenesis, differentiation and development Volume 29. Comparative biochemistry, molecular evolution Volume 30. History of biochemistry Volume 31. General index Chapter I Functional Organization Contributing to Carbohydrate Economy ROBERT K. CRANE Rutgers Medical School, Department of Physiology, New Brunswick, N.J. ( U.S.A.) 1. Introduction It is commonly seen, nowadays, in studies of cellular function that the under lying biochemical events are so organized by morphology as to provide for essential interactions, to contribute kinetic advantage for a preferred path way, to conserve energy or to have some other consequence essential to the process or beneficial to the organism. It has become commonplace to see regulation and control of organized biochemical systems vested in metabolite interaction with special enzyme-recognition sites which influence the in trinsic capacity of the catalytic site. The processes of digestion and absorp tion of carbohydrates in the intestine are not, in these respects, different. Digestion is organized to facilitate absorption. Absorption, in turn, because of the plurality of interaction of its mobile carrier-translocation system is articulated with and thus substantially controlled by the operation of another cellular system. The membrane in which these processes are located is not a simple, volume-dividing barrier but a highly differentiated, functionally organized supramolecular organelle. It would appear that the principles of functional architecture laid down by studies at the level of subcellular bio chemical events are still recognizable in analogy at the level of organ func tion, at least in the intestine. Carbohydrate economy is governed by control led, sequential operations which result from interactions at the level of mem brane-associated, organized molecular events. References p. 14 m
The list of books you might like
