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FURTHER LINYPILID SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA A. F. MILLIDGE BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NUMBER 205 NEW YORK: 1991 Recentissues ofthe Bulletin maybe purchased from the Museum. Lists ofback issues ofthe Bulletin, Novitates, andAnthropologicalPaperspublishedduringthe last fiveyears are available freeofcharge. Addressordersto: AmericanMuseum ofNaturalHistory Library, DepartmentD, Cental ParkWestat 79th St., NewYork, New York- 10024. FURTHER LINYPHIID SPIDERS (ARANEAE) FROM SOUTH AMERICA A. F. MILLIDGE Research Associate, Department ofEntomology American Museum ofNatural History Current address: Treasbeare, Higher Broad Oak Road West Hill, Ottery St. Mary Devon EXJJ IXJ, England BULLETIN OFTHEAMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURAL HISTORY Number 205, 199 pages, 837 figures IssuedAugust 7, 1991 Price: $14.00 a copy Copyright © AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory 1991 ISSN0003-0090 CONTENTS Abstract ........................................................ 5 Introduction ......................................................... 5 Acknowledgments ........................................................ 5 Descriptions ofGenera and Species ........................... 5 Dubiaranea Mello-Leitao .................................................... 5 Notiohyphantes Millidge ..................................................... 53 Totua Keyserling ........................................................ s55 Vesicapalpus, New Genus .................................................... 55 Exechopsis, New Genus ..................................................... 56 Exocora, New Genus ........................................................ 58 Stictonanus, New Genus ....................................................95. Caleurema, New Genus ..................................................... 60 Asemonetes, New Genus ..................................................... 62 Cryptolinyphia, New Genus .................................................. 63 Novafrontina, New Genus .................................................... 63 Diplothyron, New Genus ................ 66 .................................... Schistogyna, New Genus ..... ................................................ 68 Jalapyphantes Gertsch and Davis .................. 70 ........................... Eurycolon, New Genus ....................................................... 70 Laminacauda Millidge ...................................................... 72 Neomaso Forster 87 ............................................. Meioneta Hull ...................... 94 Lygarina Simon ...................... 106 Antronetes, New Genus ...................... 110 Hypselocara, New Genus ...................... 111 Diechomma, New Genus ..................... 112 Epiwubana, New Genus ...................... 114 Habreuresis, New Genus ...................... 115 Adelonetria, New Genus .................. 117 Microsphalma, New Genus .................. 117 Scolecura, New Genus .................. 119 Barycara, New Genus 121 ....................................................... Chaetophyma, New Genus .................. 123 Anodoration, New Genus ...................... 124 Notiothauma, New Genus ..................... 125 Onychembolus Millidge .................. 127 Neocautinella Baert .................. 127 Triplogyna, New Genus .................. 129 Malkinia, New Genus .................. 131 Gilvonanus, New Genus 131 ............................................. Malkinella, New Genus .................. 132 Microctema, New Genus .................. 132 Bactrogyna, New Genus .................. 134 Turbinella, New Genus .................. 134 Erigone Audouin .................. 135 Eperigone Crosby and Bishop .................. 137 Paraletes, New Genus ..................... 142 Microplanus, New Genus .................. 143 Spanioplanus, New Genus ...................... 143 Fissiscapus, New Genus ...................................................... 144 Labicymbium, New Genus ...................... 145 3 Gravipalpus, New Genus ...................... 156 Smermisia Simon ...................... 158 Myrmecoxenus, New Genus ...................... 159 Tutaibo R. Chamberlin ...................... 160 Sphecozone O.P.-Cambridge ...................... 165 Brattia Simon ...................... 179 Psilocymbium, New Genus ...................... 181 Gymnocymbium, New Genus ...................... 184 Gonatoraphis, New Genus ...................... 186 Dolabritor, New Genus ...................... 188 Walkkenaeria Blackwall ...................... 191 Ochronetria, New Genus ...................... 192 Introduced Species ...................... 192 Discussion ...................... 192 References ...................... 194 Index ofGenera and Species ...................... 196 4 ABSTRACT Descriptions are given ofnumerous new liny- erigoninesfallintotwogroupswhichappeartobe phiidgeneraandspeciesfromSouthAmerica;these relatedto theErigoneand Ceratinopsisgroups of arelistedalphabeticallyintheindex.Oftheknown genera. Mostare endemicto SouthAmerica, and South American linyphiid genera, Dubiaranea noneofthecommon,widespreadlinyphiidgenera (formerly Hormembolus) now has the greatest ofthe Northern Hemisphere seem to be present, numberofspecies,andconsiderableincreaseshave except probably as recent arrivals. No represen- alsobeenmadetothegeneraLaminacauda, Neo- tatives ofthe subfamily Mynogleninaehave been maso, Meioneta, and Sphecozone. In addition to discovered,anditisconcludedthatthissubfamily a variety ofsmall erigonine-like species, charac- is notpresent in South America. There is no ob- terized by a simple tracheal system, a number of vious congruence between the linyphiid fauna of true erigonine species (with the complex tracheal SouthAmericaand that ofNewZealand. system) are now found in South America. These INTRODUCTION In a previous paper (Millidge, 1985), sev- forhelpful suggestionsmadeduringtheprep- eral new linyphiid genera and species were aration ofthe manuscript. G. H. Locket and described from South America. A wealth of P. Merrett reviewed the manuscript, and South American material from a number of made useful comments. sourceshas since beenexamined, andthere- I amindebtedto the followinginstitutions sults ofthis work are presented here. Most and curators for the loan ofmaterial: descriptionsareofnewtaxa, butrevisedpre- AMNH AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory, sentationsofseveralolderspeciesareinclud- New York(N. I. Platnick) ed; a few synonymies have been established. BMNH British Museum (Natural History), Additional records of the species described London (P. Hillyard) in 1985 are not included. CNC CanadianNational Collection, Ottawa Descriptions are given of approximately (C. D. Dondale) 270species,in59genera;mostofthespecies, HEC Hope Entomological Collections, Ox- and 42 ofthegenera, are new. Allthegenera ford (I. Lansbury) and species dealt with are listed alphabeti- IRSNB Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles cally in the index. de Belgique (L. Baert) MACN Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natura- Allmeasurementsareinmillimeters.Right- les"BernadinoRivadavia" (E. Maury) hand palps are figured unless stated to the MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology, contrary. Cambridge, U.S.A. (H. W. Levi) MHNH Museum National d'Histoire Natu- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS relle, Paris (J. Heurtault, C. Roliard) MHNSM Museo de Historia Natural, Universi- I am grateful to G. H. Locket for the loan dad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, ofliterature, and for the specimens ofMei- Peru (D. Silva) oneta adami; to H. W. Levi for information NHRM Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stock- on the synonymy ofthe genera Dubiaranea, holm (T. Kronestedt) Paranesticus, andHormembolus; toJ. Wun- USNM National Museum ofNatural History, derlichfordrawingmyattentiontothegenus Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Totua; to L. Baert for information on his D.C. (J. Coddington) Galapagos linyphiids; and to N. I. Platnick DESCRIPTIONS OF GENERA AND SPECIES DUBIARANEA MELLO-LEITAO Paranesticus Mello-Leitao, 1944: 333 (type species by original designation Paranesticus diffi- DubiaraneaMello-Leitao, 1943: 166(typespecies cilis Mello-Leitao). Brignoli, 1983: 223. Plat- byoriginaldesignationDubiaraneaargenteovit- nick, 1989: 299. NEW SYNONYMY. tata Mello-Leitao). Levi, 1967: 37. Brignoli, Hormembolus Millidge, 1985: 2. Platnick, 1989: 1983: 294. Platnick, 1989: 232. 243. NEW SYNONYMY. 5 6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OFNATURAL HISTORY NO. 205 Dubiaranea was originally placed in the speciesdescriptionsincludebriefdataonthe Theridiidae. The type species was examined color patterns, butthese are rarely useful for and figured by Levi (1967), who transferred identification. Consequently, the diagnoses the genus to the Linyphiidae. Levi suggested mustbebasedalmostentirelyonthegenitalia to me that Hormembolus was ajunior syn- in both sexes. onym of Dubiaranea, and his view is sup- The shape andcolorofthe epigynum vary ported by the published figures ofthe epigy- slightly within each species, and appear dif- num ofthe type species. I have been unable ferent viewed from different angles, but the to examine thetype species personally, since epigynumofeachspeciesisusuallysufficient- theMuseuNacional, RiodeJaneiro, willnot ly distinct from those ofother species in the sendthetypebypost,butIfullyacceptLevi's same geographical area to make diagnosis opinion on the synonymy. Levi also pointed possible. Other characters, such as eye size, out to me that Paranesticus was probably a may occasionally be useful confirmatory synonym ofDubiaranea, and in this case I characters. In several species, the atria ofthe have seen P. difficilis, the type species, and epigynum (on either side ofthe median sep- can confirm Levi's opinion. tum) are wholly or partially filled with a The examination ofadditional specimens translucent deposit, which can obscure the hasindicatedthreesynonymsamongthespe- detail ofthe structure. cies already described under Hormembolus Males are diagnosed by the forms of the (Millidge, 1985). The present papercontains suprategular apophysis and the embolic di- descriptions of80 new species, and the total vision. There are always small variations in numbernowknownis98.Somedescriptions, the shapes ofthese two palpal components, however, are based on a single sex, and the and with such complex structures the ap- true number ofknown species will probably pearance can vary considerably with the an- be somewhat less. Several ofthe species de- gle ofviewing; whencomparinganunknown scribed are based on single specimens, and with the figures given, the palp should be hence the variability (e.g., ofthe epigynum) examined from more than one angle. As a isnotknown. Inaddition, some ofthese sin- generalrule,thesefeaturesofthepalpalorgan glespecimensarequiteoldandinratherpoor appear to be reliable for diagnosis. condition. The species-which are listed alphabeti- The genus is already by far the largest lin- callyintheindex-arepresentedintheorder yphiidgenusinSouthAmerica,andtherecan ofcountry oforigin, running approximately belittledoubtthatthenumberofspecieswill fromnorthto south; thecountries concerned riseeventuallytoward200.Todate,nomem- in the present paper are: Venezuela, Colom- bers ofthe genus have been taken in Central bia,Ecuador,Peru,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile,and America. Argentina. Because ofthe large number ofspecies in- Thesynonymiesestablishedareasfollows: volved, the first character to be taken into consideration in diagnosis must be the geo- Hormembolus chacamus Millidge = Dubia- graphical location ofcapture. Based on pres- ranea caledonica (Millidge), new combi- entknowledge,mostspeciesappeartobefair- nation:NEWSYNONYMY. Examination ly limited in their range, and a species taken of a larger number of specimens showed inPeru, forexample, isunlikelytobepresent that the two species were identical. in the fauna ofVenezuela, Chile, or Argen- HormembolusnitidusMillidge=Dubiaranea tina, though it might be found in Colombia, fulgens(Millidge),newcombination:NEW Ecuador, or Bolivia. SYNONYMY. Both sexes of D. fulgens The somatic characters ofthe species are were taken together; the female was iden- all very similar, and usually of little or no tical with that ofH. nitidus. diagnostic value. The position ofthe meta- Hormembolus silvestris Millidge = Dubiara- tarsaltrichobothriaisrelativelyconstant,and nea longiscapa (Millidge), new combina- isomittedfromthespeciesdescriptions. The tion: NEW SYNONYMY. Both sexes of color and abdominal patterns are usually H.silvestrisweretakentogether;thefemale variablewithinaspecies;forinformation,the was identical with that ofD. longiscapa. 1991 MILLIDGE: LINYPHIID SPIDERS Dubiaranea margaritata, new species 1300 m, Mar. 5, 1971 (W. Eberhard and H. Figures 1-4 Levi), 1 female paratype (MCZ). DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela and Colombia. TYPES: Male holotype, with female paratype,fromHighCamp2,NeblinaMassif,Rio Dubiaranea caeca, new species Negro, Amazonas, Venezuela, 2100 m, Feb. Figures 5, 6 16-25, 1984 (R. G. Zweifel); deposited in AMNH. TYPE: FemaleholotypefromCamp2, Cer- ETrmoLoGy: The specific name is a Latin ro de la Neblina, Amazonas, Venezuela, on adjective meaning decked with pearls. Bonnetia and other low shrubs around bog, DiAGNosIs: The female epigynum (figs. 3, 2100 m, Jan. 30, 1985 (W. E. Steiner); de- 4) has a short, narrow scape projecting pos- posited in USNM. teriorly; the lateral atria are sometimes ob- ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a Latin scuredbyplugging(fig.4).Thescapeissome- adjective meaning obscure. what similar to, though shorter than, that of DIAGNosIs: The female epigynum (figs. 5, D. manufera (Millidge) (1985), butthe atrial 6)hasabroadsocket,noclearlydefinedscape, region ofD. margaritata is quite different in and an ill-defined atrial region. The epigyna shape.Themaleisdiagnosedbythepalp(figs. of D. atripalpis (figs. 7, 8) (Venezuela), D. 1, 2); the embolic division, with the short variegata (figs. 40, 41) (Colombia), D. varia embolus, the translucent, truncated tail, and (figs. 137, 138) (Peru), and D. insulanus (fig. the prominent and complex suprategular 165) (Chile) are generally similar; the three apophysis, distinguishitfrom males ofother former species have a posterior projection species. D. teres (fig. 60) (Ecuador) has a from the epigynum, and differently shaped somewhat similar tail to the embolic divi- atrialregions, whileD. insulanushasamuch sion, butinthat species theembolic division narrower ventral plate. The male is not ismuchmorerounded, andtheanterior(low- known. er) projection is much shorter. FEMALE:Totallength2.55.Carapacelength FEMALE: Total length 3.3-3.6. Carapace 1.2. Carapacepaleorange-brown, withdusky length 1.4-1.55.Carapaceyellow-brown, with margins. Abdomen brown, with dorsally a sometimes darker markings and margins. palegrayfoliummarginedwithwhiteblotch- Abdomengraytoblack,withglisteningwhite es; spinners black. Sternum orange, suffused spots dorsally and on sides. Sternum brown with brown. Legs pale brown, suffused dis- to almost black. Legs pale yellow to yellow- tally with darker brown. Epigynum (figs. 5, brown,withweakbrownannulations. Epigy- 6). nalatria(figs. 3,4)maybefilledwithatrans- MATERiAL ExAMINED: Only the holotype. lucent mass which obscures the detail. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Vene- MALE: Total length 3.1. Carapace length zuela. 1.55. Color, etc. as female, except: abdomen longandcylindrical,graydorsally,blackven- Dubiaranea atripalpis, new species trally, with some white spots on sides. Palp Figures 7, 8 (figs. 1, 2). TYPES: Female holotype, with one female MATERIAL EXAMINED: VENEZUELA: paratype, from Camp 10, Cerro de la Nebli- Amazonas: the types above. Cerro de la Ne- na, Amazonas, Venezuela, 1690 m, Feb. 12, blina, Camp 7, 1850 m, on water in Broc- 1985 (W. E. Steiner); deposited in USNM. chinia, Jan. 30-Feb. 10, 1985 (P. J. Spangler ETYMOLoGY: The specific name is a Latin etal.), 1 femaleparatype (USNM); Camp 11, adjective meaning with black palps. 2100 m, onBonnetia andlowshrubs around DiAGNOSIS: The female epigynum (fig. 7) bog, Jan. 29-31, 1985 (W. E. Steiner), 4 fe- has no clearly defined scape, but the region male paratypes (USNM). COLOMBIA: Ce- which holds the socket projects posteriorly sar: Finca San Jose, 8 km southeast Socorpa (fig. 8). The atrial region is almost circular. Mission, SierradePerija, 1450-1500 m,July D. variegata (figs. 40, 41) (Colombia) andD. 27-31, 1968 (B. Malkin), 1 female paratype varia (figs. 137, 138) (Peru) have epigyna of (AMNH). Valle: 6 km southwestCali, forest, agenerallysimilarform,buttheatriainthose 8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 205 4 5 7 6 8 -4 9 10 Figs. 1-10. 1-4 Dubiaranea margaritata. 5, 6. D. caeca. 7, 8. D. atripalpis. 9. D. pulchra. 10. D. media. 1. Male palp, ectal. 2. Male palp, mesal. 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10. Epigynum, ventral. 6, 8. Epigynum, lateral. Scale lines 0.1 mm. species are not rounded, and the species are Abdomen long, ovate, somewhat projecting significantly larger. The male is not known. over spinners; gray to black, with dorsally FEMALE: Totallength 2.9. Carapace length two white blotches on either side, and black 1.15; orange, suffused with brown on sides around spinnerets. Sternum orange, suffused andsometimesposteriorly;ocularareablack. to variable extentwithbrown. Legs pale yel-