Linux User & Developer 163 - Sysadmin: Total Guide to Networks

100 Pages·2016·20.208 MB·English

by  Gavin Thomas

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TUTORIAL FILES, VIDEOS & FOSS PACKAGES
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DEVELOPMENT
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Make a Minesweeper Distribute your data
game with lava traps processing tasks
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001_LUD163.indd 1 24/02/2016 09:24
Full Page.indd 1 17/02/2016 17:44
THE MAGAZINE FOR
THE GNU GENERATION
Welcome
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Editor in Chief Dan Hutchinson » Set up a rock-solid network from scratch

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Head of DesignRoss Andrews » Hack your old Xbox controller with a Pi Zero
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Terence Eden, Alex Ellis, Gareth Halfacree, Tam Hanna, Richard » Secure your website with Let’s Encrypt
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003_LUD163.indd 3 24/02/2016 17:07
Contents
Reviews
Subscribe 81 Video calling software
& save! Which platform offers the best service
for quality VoIP calls in Linux systems?
28 C gUchraSeena cc tksu n usoebtuowstm c ooruefibfrres er !
via page 80
Firefox Hello Skype
Google Hangouts KDE Telepathy
18 Sysadmin: Total Guide to Networks
Server config, backup, monitoring, remote access and more
OpenSource Tutorials
06 News 30 Systems programming: 86 Genuino 101
T he biggest stories from Developing server processes Intel partners with Arduino for its
the open source world Tame daemons and bend them to your will third foray into the maker market
08 Free software column 36 Hack the Atom editor 88 Tails 2.0
Expert insight into open Find out why you need to use GitHub’s tool The ultra-private distro has rebased on
source and free software Debian 8 and added a secure installer
40 Add textures in MonoGame
11 Coding column Boost your image quality in MonoGame 90 Free software
Learn problem solving and projects by wrapping realistic textures RRiicchhaarrdd SSmmeeddlleeyy rreeccoommmmeennddss ssoommee
systems programming in C eexxcceelllleenntt FFOOSSSS ppaacckkaaggeess ffoorr yyoouu ttoo ttrryy
44 Secure your web server with
12 Interview
Let’s Encrypt
Keila Banks on growing up
Discover the hot new SSL certification service
with Linux and open source
48 Big data: Set up a Hadoop cluster
16 Kernel column
The latest on the Linux Crunch your data in a distributed fi lesystem
kernel with Jon Masters
52 Computer science:
Creating and using binary trees
94 Letters
Learn to work in hierarchical data structures
Your views shared and your
questions answered
RReessoouurrcceess
Features
19 Sysadmin: Total
Guide to Networks 59 Practical Raspberry Pi
Set up a rock-solid system Mod an Xbox controller with the Pi Zero,
master motion-tracking in Python, set up a
60 Xbox Zero Arcade 99996666 FFFrrreeeeee dddooowwwnnnllloooaaadddsss
Docker cluster with Raspberry Pi 2 nodes,
Hack an Xbox pad with your Pi Find out what we’ve uploaded to our digital and re-create Minesweeper in Minecraft
Zero to make a MAME machine content hub FileSilo for you this month
Join us online for more Linux news, opinion and reviews www.linuxuser.co.uk
4
004_LUD163.indd 4 24/02/2016 17:25
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Full Page.indd 1 23/02/2016 11:09
06 News & Opinion | 12 Interview | 94 Your questions answered
MOBILE
Canonical launches fi rst
‘converged’ Ubuntu tablet
Partners with BQ for its fi rst fl agship mobile computing device
Canonical has announced the launch of its first given situation. Also, in terms of applications, we display is a 10.1-inch full HD model with capacitive
‘converged’ Ubuntu tablet device, in partnership have something no other OS can provide: a single, multi-touch, nestled behind Asahi’s protective
with Spanish mobile maker BQ: the Aquaris visual framework and set of tools for applications Dragontrail impact-resistant glass.
M10 Ubuntu Edition. Canonical’s vision for a to run on any type of Ubuntu smart device.” “The Aquaris M10 Ubuntu Edition is our third
future where the distinction between mobile Internally, the M10 is based on a MediaTek mobile device to ship with Ubuntu,” BQ deputy
and desktop computing becomes blurred began quad-core MT8163A processor running at up to chief Rodrigo del Prado explained at the launch.
with the Ubuntu Edge, a powerful smartphone 1.5GHz and with 2GB of RAM – significantly less “Our customers were delighted with the Aquaris
which, due to a failed attempt to crowd-fund than was promised on the Ubuntu Edge – with E4.5 Ubuntu Edition and Aquaris E5 HD Ubuntu
development capital, never left the drawing board. 16GB of internal storage, expandable via micro- Edition phones, and we’re excited to be the first
The company’s vision didn’t die, however, though SD. A micro-HDMI port provides connectivity to OEM to ship the converged Ubuntu experience. It’s
the convergence feature which would allow the an external display, while the 7,280mAh battery this kind of innovation that makes BQ and Ubuntu
device to perform the role of both mobile and allows the device to be used on the go. The tablet’s such a great fit.”
desktop computer was nowhere to be seen in the
first Ubuntu smartphones to hit the market. Used as a tablet device, the Aquaris M10
The Aquaris M10 Ubuntu Edition, then, is
Ubuntu Edition operates entirely standalone and
the first device to arrive off-the-shelf featuring
Canonical’s convergence system. Used as a with a touch-centric interface
tablet device, the Aquaris M10 operates entirely
standalone and with a touch-centric interface;
connected to an external display, keyboard,
and mouse, the tablet seamlessly switches to a
traditional desktop user interface. “We’re bringing
you everything you’ve come to expect from your
Ubuntu PC,” claimed Canonical chief executive
Jane Silber at the launch. “This isn’t a phone
interface stretched to desktop size – it’s the right
user experience and interaction model for the
Above Canonical and BQ’s
first ‘converged’ tablet can
be used in standalone or
desktop modes
6
006-011_LUD163.indd 6 24/02/2016 17:07
OPEN SOURCE TOP FIVE
SourceForge and New features in
pacman 5.0.0
Slashdot acquired
An end to the contentious ‘DevShare’ program?
Above Pacman is the default package manager
for Arch Linux and appears in many more distros
1 Transaction hooks
For the fi rst time in version 5.0.0, the pacman
package manager can now run hooks either before
or after transactions. Hooks can be specifi ed using
the alpm hook fi le format, with the user describing
a single action that is to be run based on one or
more triggers.
Above SourceForge’s bloatware effectively killed its open source street cred
2 .files support
Popular software hosting service SourceForge source software, and this was a clear fi rst step
With this latest release, pacman gains the ability
and content aggregation site Slashdot towards that. to sync and read .fi les databases using the -Fy
have been acquired by BIZX, and the first “We’re more interested in doing the right thing switch, as well as the ability to perform basic
order of business: the elimination of the than making extra short-term profi t. As we move searches for fi les contained in sync repositories
DevShare advertising programme. Following forward, we will be focusing on the needs of using -Fs and -Fo.
SourceForge’s acquisition by Dice Holdings in our developers and visitors by building out site 3 Corruption handling
2013, the DevShare programme was launched as features and establishing community trust,”
a means of providing revenue to the owners and continued Abbott. “Eliminating the DevShare If pacman 5.0.0 encounters a corrupt database,
the developers of software hosted on the service. program was just the fi rst step of many more to it will automatically update from the remote copy
Its wrapping of software in bundle packages come. Plans for the near future include full https even if the remote is the same version. The new
version also gains improved signal handling and
which included potentially unwanted programs support for both SourceForge and Slashdot, and
lock fi le removal.
(PUPs) and advertising software, however, led a lot more changes we think developers and end-
to the programme being declared malware. users will embrace.” 4 Dependency info
“To misquote Marge Simpson,” said Red Hat Previous users of the site have welcomed
developer Justin Cliff at the time, “‘They not only Abbott’s announcement, though some have When encountering a dependency error, pacman
crossed the line, they threw up on it.’” declared it too late to save the site from the 5.0.0 will print out much more information – and
more useful information – than its predecessors,
Although Dice Holdings would defend the impact of its now-tarnished reputation among
making diagnosis of the problem much easier and
program, projects left the site in droves – the both developers and end-users. “Your reputation
guiding you to a simple resolution.
company’s decision to prevent the deletion of is already shot, thanks to Dice. No open source
previously-hosted projects made the exodus less developer I know will ever use SourceForge 5 Enhanced security
obvious. As a result, its new owners are cleaning again,” spat developer Joey Kelly in response to
A number of potential security issues brought
house. “As of last week, the DevShare program DevShare’s demise. “Trojan us once, shame on
to light in a Coverity analysis of pacman’s
was eliminated,” explained Logan Abbott, you. Trojan us twice? We’re not going to give you
source code, largely centred around failing to
president of SourceForge Media. “We want to the satisfaction, we’re going to route around you, free memory upon error conditions, have been
restore our reputation as a trusted home for open and that’s that.” resolved in this latest release.
www.linuxuser.co.uk 7
006-011_LUD163.indd 7 24/02/2016 17:08
OpenSource
Your source of Linux news & views
OpiniOn FREE SOFTWARE
Mad, bad & dangerous
Companies may enjoy the beneits free software brings to
them, but few enforce free software licencing policies
The GpL has never been the lavour companies poured vast resources into developing
of the month in the corporate world, proprietary versions of the same operating system at
where copyrights and patents are seen the expense of the hardware, services and userland
both as revenue streams and as instruments to software that were often their core business. Solaris,
inhibit competition, and the GpL and copyleft which was developed by Sun Microsystems, wasn’t
are often dismissed as mad, bad and dangerous quite like Irix (SGI), which wasn’t quite like HPUX (HP),
to know. Companies take advantage of what free which wasn’t quite like AIX (IBM), which wasn’t quite
software can bring; few make an active contribution like Tru64 (DEC).
to the enforcement of free software licences. None of them played well together, which
GPL enforcement is left to community efforts complicated the market for ISVs and inhibited the
like Software Freedom Conservancy (SFC), which development of common interfaces and utilities.
depends on voluntary contributions. Each implementation of Unix was unique and
Funding of GPL conservancy has re-emerged as proprietary. Proprietary operating systems cost
an issue because of the suggestion by Karen Sandler, vast amounts of money, and the shortcomings of
SFC’s executive director, that “over the past year, and maintaining a multiplicity of interfaces also created
in particular since we launched the VMware suit, hurdles for other parts of the business. Software that
Richard Hillesley
some of our corporate funding has been pulled,” and ran on one version of Unix wouldn’t run on another.
by the withdrawal of the individual right of community writes about art, music, digital The GPL changed the game, because it enforced
rights, Linux and free software for
members to vote for members of the board of a variety of publications the idea that there was a mutual advantage for
the Linux Foundation shortly after Karen Sandler companies to contribute back to a single code base,
announced her intention to stand for election. and share the rewards with others. The participation
Matthew Garrett, a senior Linux kernel developer, of corporate interests accelerated the development
asserted that “the Linux Foundation has historically of Linux and ensured its success in the enterprise,
been less than enthusiastic about GPL enforcement, Corporate which was also enhanced by its portability across a
and the SFC is funding a lawsuit against one of the wide range of hardware. Copyleft insured against a
hostility to
Foundation’s members for violating the terms of the Unix-like fragmentation of the code.
GPL. The timing may be coincidental, but it certainly copyleft and To develop a proprietary operating system from
looks like the Linux Foundation was willing to throw scratch on the scale of GNU/Linux would have cost
out any semblance of community representation just the GPL is many billions of dollars. As the code is shared so
to ensure that there was no risk of someone in favour nothing new, too are the costs and the technical enhancements.
of GPL enforcement ending up on their board.” Copyleft was the driver of change, and ensured the
Corporate hostility to copyleft and the GPL is but it’s worth commonality of the code, protocols and standards
nothing new, but it’s worth remembering how such which also made it easier to port software between
remembering
companies have beneitted from the GPL. Linux different machines and architectures. Dozens of
grew from small beginnings. Most of the early how such companies have contributed to the Linux kernel, and
contributors to Linux and the projects that sprang have beneitted from the contributions of others.
companies have
from the early success of Linux were characterised They do not contribute out of generosity, but because
by friends and enemies alike as hobbyists, and few beneitted from this effect has made it possible to port anything to
had any great history in computing, yet after eight or anything at a vastly reduced cost.
the GPL
ten years of development, GNU/Linux, which still had This makes it all the more surprising that the
many technical shortcomings, was adopted by the companies who ‘own’ so much of the Linux code,
traditional Unix companies as a replacement for Unix. courtesy of the GPL, have not made it a part of their
During the 80s and 90s, Unix was touted as the business to help SFC to defend and protect the
universal operating system, and each of the Unix licence that made it possible.
8
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GAMING SECURITY
Linux Mint
servers and ISO
images hacked
Warner Bros. cancels
The Linux Mint project – consistently
the most popular Linux distribution on
Linux port plans
trackers such as distrowatch.com – has
suffered an attack that compromised
its website and left infected ISO images
Poor reception to Batman’s Windows outing to blame on its download mirrors. The attack was
acknowledged by the Linux Mint team in
the early hours of Sunday 21 February,
Media giant Warner Bros. has cancelled plans Windows release a blanket refund regardless of who stated that “hackers made a modifi ed
to release Batman: Arkham Knight on Linux, how long they had owned the game. With Windows Linux Mint ISO, with a backdoor in it, and
following major problems with the game’s users claiming the refund in droves, concerns were managed to hack our website to point to it.”
original release. The latest entry in the Batman: raised about the planned Linux and OS X ports of Gaining access via a PHP script in the
Arkham franchise, Batman: Arkham Knight was the title – concerns that proved entirely accurate. Linux Mint website server’s WordPress
due to be released on Linux and OS X shortly “We are very sorry to confirm that Batman: Arkham installation, the hackers redirected visitors
after its debut on Windows, PS4 and Xbox One. Knight will no longer be coming to Mac and Linux,” to their own server, which hosted the
Unfortunately, crippling performance problems the company announced in a brief post to the compromised version of a 64-bit Linux
and game-crashing bugs on the Windows release Steam Community site. “If you have pre-ordered Mint 17.3 Cinnamon ISO. The Linux Mint
saw publisher Warner Bros. pull the title from sale, Batman: Arkham Knight for Mac or Linux, please team advises that anyone who downloaded
restoring it only after several patches had been apply for a refund via Steam.” the 64-bit Cinnamon edition on Saturday
released to address the most serious issues. For Linux gamers, the loss of a triple-A title from 20 February is probably infected with
These patches, however, did little to address a major publisher is a blow – and doubly so for malware. At the time of writing, the Linux
the core issues of the title, leaving Warner Bros. Valve, which is relying on cross-publisher support Mint website remains offl ine.
to announce that it was offering all buyers of the for its Steam OS Debian-based gaming platform. The malware itself appears to be Linux/
Tsunami-A, also known as Kaiten. It is a
relatively old tool that relies on the old-
INFRASTRUCTURE fashioned technique of connecting to
an IRC server in order to receive further
Linux Foundation launches Fast instructions. One way to establish whether
or not your Linux Mint installation has been
Data Project compromised is to look inside /var/lib/man.
cy – if this directory is not empty, there is a
good chance that you are infected.
The Linux Foundation has announced its latest technology fragmentation and increasing user
collaborative effort: Fast Data (FD.io), an open adoption,” claimed Jim Zemlin, executive director
source project which seeks to provide a high- of TLF, at the launch. “The FD.io project addresses
speed input-output services framework for a critical area needed for flexible and scalable IO
next-generation network and storage software. services to meet the growing demands of today’s
Initial contributions to FD.io include vector cloud computing environments.”
packet processing (VPP) capabilities in a fully- “FD.io is more than just fast networking and
functional vSwitch/vRouter setup based around fast storage,” says David Ward, chief technology
the Data Plan Development Kit (DPDK). This, the officer at VPP contributor Cisco. “With the modular
Foundation claims, offers high-performance nature of VPP Technology, flexible architecture
hardware-independent IO, along with a full build, and the inclusion of a dev, test and continuous
tooling, debug, and development environment, performance toolset, the project was designed
along with an OpenDaylight management agent with a vibrant open source community of
and Honeycomb netconf/yang agent. contributors in mind.”
“The adoption of open source software has The initial Fast Data release is live now, with full
Above Only the Cinnamon edition of 17.3 was
transformed the networking industry by reducing information available at fd.io. compromised by the attack on Linux Mint
www.linuxuser.co.uk 9
006-011_LUD163.indd 9 24/02/2016 18:32
OpenSource
Your source of Linux news & views
DISTRO FEED PRIVACY
Top 10 Keybase gets encrypted,
(Average hits per day, 19 January – 18 February)

Linux Mint distributed file system
1. 2,998
Debian
2. 2,317
Ubuntu
3. 1,718
Aims to make fi le sharing both simple and secure
openSUSE
4. 1,375
Zorin
5. 1,208
Keybase, the public-key social-networking-
6. Fedora 1,162 powered cryptography service created by
Android-x86 OkCupid co-founders Max Krohn and Chris
7. 1,145
Coyne, has a new string to its bow: an early
Manjaro
8. 986 implementation of a cloud-backed, fully-
Arch trusted shared fi le system.
9. 942
Dubbed the Keybase File System, or KBFS,
CentOS
10. 940 the new software allows Keybase users to
automatically store signed fi les for public
This month
viewing or encrypted private fi les which can
be accessed by any of their Keybase-linked
■ Stable releases (26) devices. These folders can also be created for Above KBFS silently requests user info, scrapes
■ In development (12) multiple users: two or more users can share a data, downloads blocks and presents plain files
dynamically-created public or private folder, for
Android-x86 has example, with fi les being signed and encrypted They can join and access the data within
increased in popularity appropriately. seconds, and your device will quietly handle the
dramatically this month,
“Our goal: smack-dab in the middle of verifi cation and rekeying, without ever trusting
to the detriment of
Mageia and Deepin, a public Reddit or HackerNews or Twitter Keybase’s servers.”
which slip off the top ten conversation, you should be able to say ‘Hey, Available to selected Keybase users as
I threw those gifs/libraries/whatever in our an early alpha test, the Keybase File System
Highlights encrypted Keybase folder’ without ever asking provides 10GB of remote storage. Coyne has
for more identifying info,” Coyne explained of confi rmed that additional page storage will
the feature. “If that person hasn’t installed “likely” be made available once the service has
Android-x86 Keybase yet, your human work is still done. been fully released.
Android-x86 4.4-r5 brings with it fi xes for
a number of issues. The biggest changes
include compatibility with offi cial Microsoft Surface
CONTAINERS
devices and full support for booting on legacy BIOS
and UEFI machines.
Docker moves to Alpine Linux
RebeccaBlackOS
The Wayland demonstration distribution
RebeccaBlackOS now includes a switch Hires Natanael Copa to aid with the switch
to Debian Testing for packages, compatibility with
legacy and UEFI systems, and the ability to load a KDE
Plasma session on top of Wayland. The Docker project has confirmed that it is be changed and improved over time – for example
moving its official images from Canonical’s to move away from a heavyweight distro like
Scientific Linux
Ubuntu Linux to Alpine Linux, and that it has Fedora or Ubuntu, to something like Alpine or even
The 7.2 release of Red Hat-based Scientific hired distribution founder Natanael Copa to more minimalistic.”
Linux includes an installer capable of
assist with the transition. “Today most people That move, made with a view to reducing the size
quickly locating the fastest local network mirror and
who use Docker build containers with unnecessary of Docker images, is currently ongoing with Hykes
initial support for Scientific Linux Contexts.
distro bits in them,” admitted Solomon Hykes inviting pull requests on the official code repository
in a post to Hacker News. “But before Docker, at github.com/docker-library to speed the
Latest distros 99% of them didn’t build containers at all, and change along. “Even one such pull request could
available: struggled with non-repeatable deployments go a long way to promoting smaller containers,”
and dependency hell. Even better, now all these claimed Hykes, “since those images have been
fi lesilo.co.uk people use a standardised Dockerfile which can downloaded over half a billion times.”
10
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