Linux+ 2005 In Depth

705 Pages·2005·11.903 MB·English

by  Jason W. Eckert, M. John Schitka

Linux+ 2005
In Depth
Jason W. Eckert
M. John Schitka
© 2005 by Thomson Course Technology PTR.All rights reserved.No part Publisher and GM of Course
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Acknowledgments
First, we wish to thank the staff at Course Technology for an overall enjoyable
experience writing a book on Linux that takes a fundamentally different approach
than traditional books. More specifically, we wish to thank our Project Manager,
Manya Chylinski, for her coordination and insight, as well as our Developmental
Editor, Dave George, and Production Editor, Elena Montillo, for the long hours
they spent pulling everything together to transform the text into its current state.
As well, we wish to thank Moirag Haddad at Digital Content Factory for her
advice and guidance, and Frank Gerencser, of triOS College for freeing us up to
write this book and his continuous encouragement for writing books to augment
teaching.
Jason W.Eckert:I must take this time to thank my co-author,M.John Schitka for
the hard work,long hours,and dedication he spent on this book.As well,I thank
Starbucks Coffee for keeping me on schedule,and most importantly,my daughter
Mackenzie for providing me with many of the examples used in this book as well
as teaching me that having fun playing basketball is more important than writing
a book.
M.John Schitka: First I want to thank my mentor and co-author Jason W. Eckert
for his insight, patience, and wisdom during the long hours and late nights that
went into the creation of this book.More importantly I must thank my family,my
wife Jill, and children Kyra, Luke, and Noah for their support, tolerance, and
patience during the time it took to write this book. Hopefully readers will find it
enlightening and of benefit in their educational journey.
Finally, we wish to acknowledge the encouragement of our colleagues Mitch
Mijailovic and Tonio Mladineo;if it were not for them,I doubt we would love the
Linux operating system as much as we do today.
Readers are encouraged to e-mail comments,questions,and suggestions regarding
Linux+ 2005 In Depth to the authors:
Jason W.Eckert:[email protected]
M.John Schitka:[email protected]
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Chapter 2 Preparing for Linux Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Chapter 4 Exploring Linux Filesystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Chapter 5 Linux Filesystem Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Chapter 6 Linux Filesystem Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Chapter 7 Advanced Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter 8 Working with the BASH Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Chapter 9 System Initialization and X Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Chapter 10 Managing Linux Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Chapter 11 Common Administrative Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Chapter 12 Compression,System Backup,and Software Installation . 445
Chapter 13 Troubleshooting and Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Chapter 14 Network Configuration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Chapter 15 Configuring Network Services and Security. . . . . . . . . . . 563
Appendix A Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Appendix B GNU Public License. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Appendix C Finding Linux Resources on the Internet. . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Appendix D Answers to Chapter Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
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Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Operating Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Linux Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Versions of the Linux Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Identifying Kernel Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Licensing Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Linux Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The History of Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Hacker Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Linux Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Common Uses of Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Internet Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
File and Print Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Application Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Supercomputers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Scientific/Engineering Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Office Workstation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Chapter 2 Preparing for Linux Installation . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Understanding Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Central Processing Units (CPUs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Physical Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Disk Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Mainboards and Peripheral Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
viii Contents
Video Adapter Cards and Monitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Keyboards and Mice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Gathering Preinstallation Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Gathering Hardware Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Gathering Software Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Installing Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Installation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Performing the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Basic Linux Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Shells,Terminals,and the Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Basic Shell Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Shell Metacharacters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Getting Command Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Shutting Down the Linux System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Chapter 4 Exploring Linux Filesystems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Linux Directory Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Changing Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Viewing Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
File Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Filenames . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Listing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Wildcard Metacharacters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Displaying the Contents of Text Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Displaying the Contents of Binary Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Searching for Text Within Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Contents ix
Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
The grep Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Editing Text Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
The vi Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Other Common Text Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Chapter 5 Linux Filesystem Management. . . . . . . . . . . 159
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Managing Files and Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Finding Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Linking Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
File and Directory Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
File and Directory Ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Managing File and Directory Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Default Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Special Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Key Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Chapter 6 Linux Filesystem Administration . . . . . . . . . 199
The /dev Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Filesystem Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Working with Floppy Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Working with CD-ROMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Working with Hard Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Hard Disk Partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Working with Hard Disk Partitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221