Linguistic Form

120 Pages·1953·2.419 MB·English

by  Charles Bazell

iSTANBUL tlNiVERSiTESi
EDEB!Y AT FAK"OLTES!
YaymlarmdNaon.5: 7 4
LINGUISFTOIRCM
by
C.E .B AZELL
IstanbPulr ess
Istanbu1l9 53
-

PREFA CE
Thisi sn ota n introducttioot nh es ubjecotf linguisftoircm ,bu t a
briecfo mmentaroyn c urrenvti ewasn dt erminologies.
If iti sp ossibtloed iscovaenry a imc ommont oa lll inguisstcihco ols,
thisa imi st her eductiboyn ,t erminologdiecvailc eosf,t hef undamental
asymmetroyf l inguisstyisct emsI.ft heraer ep honemesa,l lophonaensd
phonemicco mponenttsh,e nt hermeu sta lsboe m orphemes, allomaonrdp hs
morphemicco mponentIsft. h eries a forma nda substanocfet hee xpres­
siont,h ent hermeu sta lsob ea form anda substanocfet hec ontenIft.
everpyh onemec anb es pliutp intao seto f relevapnhto nifce aturetsh,e n
evermyo rphemec anb es pliutp i ntao seto fr elevasnetm antifce atureIfs .
thes yntagmh asa binarsyt ructusroea ,l sod oest hes yllable.
The relatiboent weetnh esef ourv iews( ofw hichp erhapnso two
areh eldb y thes ames cholairs)u nmistakable.
Therei sh encep erhaprso omf ora workw hichs eekst os trestsh e
fundamentaasly mmetroyf l inguisstyisct emsr,a thetrh ant or educiet .
Howeverp arallbeeltsw eedni fferelnetv ehlasv eb eenn otewdh enever they
seemedl egitimoarta et l eats suggestive.
Questioonfsh istorilcianlg uishtaivcesb eenl effto rt reatmeenlts e­
wherea,n dr eferencheasv eb eenr educetdo a minimums,i ncae select
criticbailb liograipshb ye inpgr eparefdo rp ublicatiinot ne chnicamlolrye
advantageocuisr cumstanWcheast. remainiss o fc oursae meres ketch.
Buts paceh asb eenf oundt ot oucho n severaals pectosf l inguisftoircm
whichp assu nnoticiendm oree xtensitvree atmenotfst hes ubjecOtn. t he
othehra ndt hep robleomf s egmentatiwohni,c hc laimasl mosat m onopoly
of attentiionns ucht reatmenthsa,sf ort hisr easonb eenl efitn t he
background.
Istanbul C.E.BAZELL
June1 953

C O N TE N TS
I. GENERALITIES 1
A. Lineari.t y 1
B. Binarity 3
C.F undamentaUln its 5
II.D ISTRIBUTIONALR ELATIONS 12
A. Relatioonfs A ccompaniment 13
B. Relatioonfs S ubstitution 15
C.R elatioonfs C ontainment 22
D. Relatioonsf C onversion 24
m. INCLUSIVER ELATIONS . 25
A. Relatiobnest weeMne mberso fa Distributional
Class 26
B. OvertR elatio(nRse latiobnest weePna rtso fa
Segment) 31
C. FunctionRaell atiso (nRelatiobnest weeFna c-
torso fa Pseudo-segment) 33
D. Relations between oAfas pTehcetmse 31
IV. THE PHONEME 40
v. OVERT AND FUNCTIONAL TERMS 49
A. Morph, Morphemea ndF ormative 51
B.I mmediatCeo nstitue.n ts 64
VI. THE TRADITIONALM ORPHEME-CLASSES. 69
VII.T HE SEMEME . 81
VIII.S COPE AND CRITERIA 93
AppendiAx: PhonemiCco mponents 107
AppendiBx: MorphemiCco mponent.s 113

I.G ENERALITIES
�·L inearity
Thel ianrce haacrrto efl ignusiteixcp rieowsnhs,i cwha fsi traskte n
fograr ntaenddl aetrs trehsasrsece de,tn lbye ednsip utedB.u t the
terlmia nreimtayyb et ank ien vawraiyosu:s
(iS)u cceassos pioposnet dos iumtlant.ey i
Simaunltetyio fse gmenaltp hnoemse eixsc ldu bdyde enfiition.
Hencteha es rsteioofln i aniryet ish erae t aoulotgy'. Butt herree­
maitnhsse i gcnainqftui teisno hwya fduanmeanlut nioftl anggeu a
sohulbdes od enfeid taors ne dret haes sieortnta tuoolgous.
The reasaornbeso h t subasnittaaln dst ructuAr aslbu.s antital
reasona bisesn ocetfd h icoesn nedc rteesaonncea-mecbrhfusn ctoinnig
ie tphored uctoifs opne eocunhd.-sA s strucrteuarsiaostln h r ele aietv
unipmorntcaoef s imaunletofuesa tautr otheers l ev.e ls
Thel atrtaeesroi nsil lursattbeyd tfhaetc ahtt no n-taoumtaiacl ­
ternabteitonwn peshe onemdefisfie nrign r espoefoc ntem inmial
faetuarleo anrese e ldmoorme f erquetnhtas nii mlaartl earitnons
betwepehno nedmiferfesi nignr espoefsc etv efraeatelus r(.T ahtt he
morpihnEs ng ils/han i,fj /nvazid/if feirnr eescpotfa sniglfaeeut re
latrth heainnr eescpotf wha oplheo nemmea yf rotmh sey nocnihc r
satnpdoinbter egeadra dsa cdceitnaslni,ec t heirsne o t nedecnyf or
sucahl terntaobte i moonrpser oducttihvaen t hosbeet wne eunrela­
tepdh noem.e)s
Ino trhw eortdshs emi utlaenoufse atoufsr eegsnm tepahlo nemes
armeo rphgcoiallloyi rrenltAe. vm aorphgoialclod espctriiolno ses
1)F ord eS aussu'rsleln earited u signifiaanst« nothibnugt a viciocuisr clce:C».,
R.J akobsRecohner,c hes Structurales (Copenha1g9e4n9 p) .2 07.
2
bt tolrne o itghn icnor heenicfe pthhoen ermaet thherat nhf ee ature
it�a kaesmn i nailum nit.
Supra-sneatglfm eeatounrt ehsoe,t r hh eanhdva,en ormamlorl·y
pholorgeilcecavel(a. An m orphgcoialdloe scriopfGt rieoewnko uld
losienc orheenicfae n a ccueanflte atwuerrreee garadsae f de aet ur
ofa s egmepnhtoanl.e )mB eutsu chf eataurr:.1ee s sm amlinlo tryi
unlseusaps-r seegntmaliissto dy e nfeiads t oi nlcudme; mmyo rpholo­
gicailrlrye lfeaevtaunrte s.
Tot hgene erraullt eh apth oniecfm eataurrmeeo spr hoilcoaglly
irrevlaetn,w hiplheo neamremeso r phzocilalolyr eletv,ta hnere are
ofc ouresxeecp ti.o ns
In a vecrayst ehsfme eo wr pholroegvlaienccoaeflt hfee ast ure
a3s ucihss honw (fotrhp ee riionqd u estbiyto hnde)e lvoempenotf
a newp honebmye trhaerp er ocoefas nsla og,rt aetrht hna by the
usuparlo c(elsoossf s a tfuerter-acdsoetnt ierngmi anlplhoonailct er­
naotni.)S uffciieenivted nciesa l spor odveibdy t haen loagilec xaten­
sioofn fae arteut-reanlattiopo hno nefmoewrsh iicwtha psr eviously
unkwnn.oB ustu ccha saersae l sroa thrreaer.
Phonewmiehtso uitdn idvuiamlo rphgoilcroaell evaarnfeca er
morceo mm.oI nnl anguoafsg oe-sc «aslilolaegtd»is r ntutcurtehs ey ll­
ablmea yo ftbeern e garadste hdme i nailum nihtva igni dnependent
morphloocglair eevlancHeo.w evheerr e thneorrem avalworleeyl ­
phonecmoetnsuis ttimnorgp hbsyt hems;et lhcvenoe ssontahnotusg h
uoatss ucihne dpenldyre eneltvtaa nrlee afst reisnfi odrufmers o m
whicthhr ee levvwoaenlths a vbee edne dcutde.M oreolvaenrgg eusa
oft hsitsr uurcattly pues lulasyh oawn ortp heecrutilyin,aa metlhya t
int hmeo scthr aacrtiesstyiliclc ta ybpteh see queeo nfpc honeimse s
irreviebrlhsee,n hcaes dnios ttiivfnenuc ctiBountn. o ns-ntdciitive
sqeuenbcoer doenr ssi munletiaty.
Thiissn otto d entyh iemp ortaonftc hede it sinvceft eiatures,
bumte reltyoa loltt heaml ecsestn raplo tsinio int hsey s.tI etm
mattearlsvs eor ltyit wlhee tro hnesep kesai nt eromffs e atourro efs
inrtseencgct aeitgoerspi,r ovitdhitanthgb e a soifs a alinyisssi nrntisic
chraatcearn nd ot dtiistoarnlni oeb.u
2)F ort ypiecxaalm pclefRs.. J akobsAocnt,ed su s ixiecmoen grienst ernational
del inguiRsatppeosr,tps .1 7;f ora margineaxla mpclfeE. . S apiArbn,o rmalt ypes
of speechin Nootka( eSlectWerdi ti)n,pg .s1 88f ootn1o7t.e
3
(iUin)ii dmensiltoiyn.a
Threei so nloyn dei menosfis ounc ce(sIsitism o ilnse.a dtion g
desicbfree atuyrsea-is«as nna aayllsiinds e hp».tT hes ecodnidm ension
ing rapihscet moaop ploinelwsyi thliernt-t fe;os rofm aarst hseuc ces·
swno fw oridssc once«rbnleweo»dm ayb ec aeldal n« lalroagpohf»
<tarf.»t)e
(iUinii)uq enesosfs emgentaatsoi popno tsoeod v learpping.
Byp ostuelaacsthee g,m epnhtoanlef moel loorpw rse coetdrheses
absuotlleya,n eda cshur paseegntmaplh oneme awc hoolvene urmsrb e
'-ts emgetnaplh oneImte sc.ilr sel abyy mneoa n:1 tsir vlif aactth at
thpeo stusleoalmtdl eed ast o fitthfteai cintnogsat nu nnartaumlo u.l d
(Iitst ruteh atths eo l-lcesapudr ag-msetenaplh oneamrefesa b re ttre
regardrleeadt iasow nenses ebgemtebnutttsh e;es seeo nftc hper inciple
isn ota fefctseiden,t c hrele attihoehnno lbdewste esnem genctosn sist­
igno fa w hloen umrbo efp hone.m)e s
An execptimoanyb ef romebdy t ohssesy tehmvasi ntgh meor a
a� au niitf, styhalebl incu clceaunsna oltw ayrse gbaera dsce odn ­
tiaingn atl eatswtop honeesIm.n thiass urcpaagssmeee nlt uanit
wouclodv hearla fp hon,eo mre sooddmm eu llteoi fpah alf.
Sent-einoncnteant wioouladl sfoo ramn e xecptiiofsn em,ge natl
analiyassp ipsl aitae l.dPH owevtehrdi ose nsob tle ontgot hcee tnral
sturcrteuo fa l naguage.
Iti st ob en otheodw evtehrat thi enr ta-mseenagtl roafna ge
snprmaesnaetlpg honehmaeso rnmanlold yi steir neclateniv;cvh eeen c
tihrsa ncgoeu ld paripalptybre eor egaradsie ndd metinea.rt e
B.B inarity
Birntiaym aya pepasrp elclicyha atrreaicsotfti wcop arotfts h e
sytse:m( ii)fne lcntaiolop psointsia,on d( iiimm)e diacottneis tuents
ofs urbdoinaatlsi yotnnamgs.
Theb niatryoi fp honiecom ppstoii·oi•nsl s esstsr nigsk,ii ena cll
B)C f.R .S . WeThlel sP,i tcPhh onemoefsE ngliLsanhg,. 2 1,2 7�-9.
•)O n hte« theoorfty h ed ichotosmcoaulsae s»« onoef t hee poch-madkiisn­g
coveriines st ructluirnaglu iosftt ihcets w entiecnetnht u,rC'f y.» A.W . deG root,
Word 9, 58.
postiinosi nt hceh ianno rmya lallflooarwp luirytao lfc hosi.Nc ore
itsh niecse ssaatlrreiewldhy e onn sep eiankts e romfms in miafle taur.e s
Suppostihntaght e arrete h rleaeb cioanls to:snv aoniecsoesarl lv,oc ied
oarla,n dna s(awilht infdeinrftve ocinig.)I t ofic so urpsoes stiob le
sahye rteh atthr eea rtew oop psointsi«,ov coeeils/soviceadn)«dr) oa l/
nas)-a)l ine tihecra stew coh oiBcuets i.sai ttl eaassat pp rporiate
tos atyah tt here arteh rcsehiecom eip«slez:oyr ),« )ovciea)n)«d an sla.) )
Byt hfirosm ulavtoiioacnne,nd a sableoicmteyc omumatblfee at;u res
thouwghhe tohnewero utladl k oopfp toaisnioi nnt hciasis asen other,
maintleyri mnlogoicmaaltr,t .e
A minimruqemu iesf ioatrs ystoefbm ni aroyp psoiinotsw ould
seetmob et hoantce o usledut p a s ystoefqm u estdieomnansng da i
ye-sora-nnsow rearn,gi enod r d(essr)u cthh antor eduannqdtu eisotn
shouhladvt eob ea skeudn,t ialg ianvt pe oinitnt he uesneocqfe
answ(etruhsgo nho nte cestshasera impleoy i fnoter a cuhn )it thuen it
habde ne copmleltyd eenfeidI.tw o ulbdei lltihcaaitnat n wselr art e
in stehresi heosur leddne arp revainosuwsre erd uanndFto.Er n lghi s
iwto ulbdei lltihcatithtq e u est<ni<aosonar lr lao?s)h)o ublead s ked
ina s eueqncweh idcihnd o gti fvueil fnlom ratiboeonfr teh qeu eisotn
«tsoopr c notniua?n,)st )inacnae n wsert ot hleat teqru estmiihogtn
makteh aen swteotr hf eo rmqeurte insro endduatn(.I t woofcu oludr se
bea llotwheatdth a enw sergsi vuepnt ,oa npyo isnhto,ud liadct tteh e
ordoefrt ehf olilgno qwueosntsi).
Birnyas ystseofm assr e utp f ofre atured-oan notac loynsfiosr m
tot hiidsae l(h tougihml pilcyoi rte xiptcllityh,e cylr elaayi m i)at.t
Thidso enso mte atnh aat t abolfpe h onecmleiasfs isaeccdo rdtion g
thbeni arpyrn icliecp ontaanisynu srp lfeuuosi fnoramtisoinn,gc aep s
mayb el ewfhte nt·hi efn ortmina owoulbder edun.dB auntt sau ch
tabnlateu raplrloyvn eosit gnh whtasoeivnfe varo uorft hbeni ary
pirncl'ievspla ue.
Ont hoet rhh eantdh per eevncaeol fb niaroyp psoiotnist wbeeen
ifnlcetoinamlo rhpemeissa tf itrs sigshrttin kgi.H owveeirt w oulri
probabbeml oyr ceo rrteosc pte oafkt hteed nenocfby n iarmyo rphf'··
miocp ptPisoitnobs ei nlfeicotn,ta hlaonft htene denocfiy fn lcetoinaJ
oppiotnsisto·ob eb nia.rF yotrh desi tinctteieoiflnnne cbteainoidnn ­
dependpreantltied c enpdesl argoenlj yu tnucrnailt iea(r antdh e
cnetrnio ofn oinn-rtceaatliooffn r feoe r.mB su)tth sem altlheneru m-