Linear and Switch-Mode RF Power Amplifiers: Design and Implementation Methods

376 Pages·2018·16.23 MB·English

by  Abdullah Eroglu

Linear and Switch-Mode
RF Power Amplifiers

Linear and Switch-Mode
RF Power Amplifiers
Design and Implementation Methods
Abdullah Eroglu
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Contents
Preface.......................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................xiii
Author ......................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Radio Frequency Amplifier Basics.......................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................1
1.2 Types of Amplifiers: Small Signal and Large Signal
Amplifiers ..................................................................................1
1.3 Linear Amplifiers ......................................................................3
1.4 Switch-Mode Amplifiers ...........................................................5
1.5 Power Transistors.......................................................................7
1.5.1 BJT and HBTs ..............................................................8
1.5.2 FETs .............................................................................8
1.5.2.1 MOSFETs ...................................................10
1.6 Passive Devices........................................................................12
1.6.1 Inductor ......................................................................12
1.6.1.1 Air-Core Inductor Design ...........................14
1.6.1.2 Magnetic-Core Inductor Design .................14
1.6.1.3 Planar Inductor Design ...............................16
1.6.2 Capacitor ....................................................................18
1.6.3 Resistor .......................................................................19
References ..........................................................................................21
Chapter 2 Two-Port Parameters ..........................................................................23
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................23
2.2 Network Parameters ................................................................23
2.2.1 Z-Impedance Parameters ...........................................23
2.2.2 Y-Admittance Parameters ...........................................24
2.2.3 ABCD Parameters ......................................................25
2.2.4 h-Hybrid Parameters ..................................................26
2.3 Network Connections ..............................................................30
2.4 S-Scattering Parameters ..........................................................36
2.4.1 One-Port Network ......................................................37
2.4.2 N-Port Network ..........................................................39
2.4.3 Normalized Scattering Parameters ............................43
References ..........................................................................................51
Chapter 3 Impedance Matching and Resonant Networks ..................................53
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................53
3.2 Transmission Lines ..................................................................53
vii
viii Contents
3.2.1 Limiting Cases for Transmission Lines .....................57
3.2.2 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines...................59
3.2.3 Special Cases of Terminated Transmission Lines .....64
3.3 Smith Chart .............................................................................66
3.3.1 Input Impedance Determination with Smith Chart ......72
3.3.2 Smith Chart as an Admittance Chart .........................76
3.3.3 ZY Smith Chart and Its Application ...........................76
3.4 Impedance Matching between Transmission Lines and
Load Impedances ....................................................................80
3.5 Single Stub Tuning ..................................................................83
3.5.1 Shunt Single Stub Tuning ...........................................84
3.5.2 Series Single Stub Tuning ..........................................85
3.6 Impedance Transformation and Matching between
Source and Load Impedances .................................................86
3.7 Resonator Networks.................................................................89
3.7.1 Parallel and Series Resonant Networks ......................90
3.7.1.1 Parallel Resonance ......................................90
3.7.1.2 Series Resonance ........................................97
3.7.2 Parallel LC Networks ...............................................102
3.7.2.1 Parallel LC Networks with Ideal
Components ..............................................102
3.7.2.2 Parallel LC Networks with Nonideal
Components ..............................................103
3.7.2.3 L oading Effects on Parallel LC
Networks.................................................106
3.8 LC Resonators as Impedance Transformers ..........................108
3.8.1 Inductive Load ..........................................................108
3.8.2 Capacitive Load ........................................................109
3.9 Tapped Resonators as Impedance Transformers ...................112
3.9.1 Tapped-C Impedance Transformer ..........................112
3.9.2 Tapped-L Impedance Transformer ...........................117
3.10 Signal Flow Graphs ...............................................................117
References ........................................................................................123
Chapter 4 Small-Signal Amplifiers ...................................................................125
4.1 Amplifier Basic Terminology ................................................125
4.1.1 Gain ..........................................................................125
4.1.2 Efficiency ..................................................................127
4.1.3 Power Output Capability ..........................................128
4.1.4 Linearity ...................................................................129
4.1.5 1 dB Compression Point ...........................................130
4.1.6 Harmonic Distortion ................................................131
4.1.7 Intermodulation ........................................................134
4.2 Small-Signal Amplifier Design .............................................139
4.2.1 DC Biasing Circuits..................................................143
Contents ix
4.2.2 BJT Biasing Circuits ................................................145
4.2.2.1 Fixed Bias .................................................145
4.2.2.2 Stable Bias ................................................146
4.2.2.3 Self-Bias ....................................................149
4.2.2.4 Emitter Bias ..............................................150
4.2.2.5 Active Bias Circuit ....................................151
4.2.2.6 Bias Circuit Using Linear Regulator ........151
4.2.3 FET Biasing Circuits ................................................153
4.2.4 Small-Signal Amplifier Design Method...................153
4.2.4.1 Definitions of Power Gains for
Small-Signal Amplifiers ...........................154
4.2.4.2 Design Steps for Small-Signal
Amplifier ...............................................158
4.2.4.3 Small-Signal Amplifier Stability ..............159
4.2.4.4 Constant Gain Circles ...............................165
4.2.4.5 Unilateral Figure of Merit ........................170
References ........................................................................................186
Chapter 5 Linear Amplifier Design and Implementation .................................187
5.1 Large-Signal RF Amplifier Design Techniques ....................187
5.2 Push–Pull Amplifier Configuration ......................................191
5.3 Parallel Transistor Configuration ..........................................194
5.4 PA Module Combiners ..........................................................194
5.5 Linear Amplifiers ..................................................................194
5.5.1 Conventional Amplifiers: Classes A, B, and C ........199
5.6 Class A Amplifiers ................................................................202
5.7 Class B ...................................................................................204
5.8 Class AB ................................................................................208
5.9 Class C ...................................................................................208
5.9.1 Design Example .......................................................211
References ........................................................................................217
Chapter 6 Switch-Mode Amplifier Design and Implementation ......................219
6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................219
6.2 Class D Amplifiers ................................................................219
6.2.1 Voltage-Mode Class D Amplifiers ...........................219
6.2.2 Current Mode Class D Amplifiers ...........................225
6.3 Class E Amplifiers .................................................................228
6.3.1 Conventional Analysis of Class E Amplifiers ..........228
6.3.1.1 Suboptimum Conditions for Class E
Amplifier Design ......................................228
6.3.1.2 Optimum Conditions Class E
Amplifier Design ......................................236
6.3.2 Harmonic Modeling of Class E Amplifiers .............242