Limnology and Marine Biology in the Sudan

353 Pages·1984·15.03 MB·English

by  A. M. Ibrahim (auth.), H. J. Dumont, A. I. el Moghraby, L. A. Desougi (eds.)

Limnology and Marine Biology in the Sudan
Developments in Hydrobiology 21
Series editor
H. J. Dumont
Limnology and Marine Biology
in the Sudan
Edited by
H. J. Dumont, A. I. el Moghraby and L. A. Desougi
Reprinted from Hydrobiologia, vol. 110 (1984)
1984 DR W. JUNK PUBLISHERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Limnology and marine biology in the Sudan.
(Developments in hydrobiology ; 21)
"Reprinted frcm Hydrobiologia, vol. 110."
1. Limno1ogy--Sudan. 2. Marine bio1ogy--Sudan.
3. Marine biology--Red Sea. I. Dumont, H. J.
(Henry J.) II. Moghraby, A. I. III. Desougi, L. A.
IV. Hydrobio1ogia. V. Series.
QHl95.S9L56 1984 574.9624 84-844
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6559-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6557-7
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-6557-7
Cover design: Max Velthuijs
Copyright
© 1984 Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1984
All rights reserved. N a part of this publication may be re-
produced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form of by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permisson of the
publishers.
Dr W. Junk Publishers, P.O. Box 13713,2501 ES The Hague,
The Netherlands.
Space-photograph ofthejunction oft he White and Blue Niles. Also shown is part oft he Gezira irrigation area with its network ofc anals,
the Gebel Aulia dam basin when full, the twist of the main Nile at the Sabaloka gorge; ERTS.
Contents
Preface............. ............. .... ...... .. .. .......... .......... .................... XI
PART ONE: GENERAL
1. The Nile: Description, hydrology, control and utilisation
by A. M. Ibrahim .................................................................. .
2. Implications of sea mining for the Red Sea environment
by Y. B. Abu Gideiri ................................................................ 15
3. Physical and chemical characteristics of the Blue Nile and the White Nile at Khartoum
by Faisal Sinada & A. G. Abdel Karim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4. A faunistic reconnaissance of Lakes Kundi and Keilak, western Sudan
by 1. Green, A. I. el Moghraby & O. M. M. Ali ......................................... 33
5. A note on some investigations carried out in the area of the Sudan Plain to be affected by the
10nglei Canal
by Roland G. Bailey & Stephen M. Cobb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PART TWO: ALGAE AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION
6. A quantitative study of the phytoplankton in the Blue and White Niles at Khartoum
by Faisal Sinada & A. G. Abdel Karim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 47
7. Primary production and respiration ofthe phytoplankton in the Blue and White Niles at Khartoum
by Faisal Sinada & A. G. Abdel Karim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . 57
8. Some algae from the Red Sea Hills in north-eastern Sudan
by P. Compere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 61
PART THREE: MACROPHYTES
9. Permanent swamp vegetation of the Upper Nile
by Patrick Denny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10. Effects of 2,4-D on mature and juvenile plants of water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes (Mart.)
Solms)
by F. F. Bebawi & B. F. Mohamed.. ........... .... ................................... 91
VIII
11. Observations on the effect of the weevils N eochetina eichhorniae Warner and N eochetina bruchi
H ustache on the growth of water hyacinth
by M. O. Bashir, Z. E. El Abjar & N. S. Irving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
12. Mineral nutrient demands of the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) in the
White Nile
by Lufti A. Desougi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
13. Ecological observations on mangroves of the Red Sea shores of the Sudan
by Babiker F. Mohamed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 109
PART FOUR: ANTHROPODS
14. A review of the rotifer fauna of the Sudan
by M. de Ridder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 113
15. Bogidiella nubica n.sp. from interstitial waters of the Sudan (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
by Sandro Ruffo ................................................................... , 131
16. The occurrence of Limnohalacarus (Acari: Halacaridae) in Lake No, White Nile
by J. Green ...................................................... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 135
17. On the freshwater ostracods (Crustacea, Ostracoda) of the Sudan, with special reference to the
Red Sea Hills, including a description of a new species
by Koen Martens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 137
18. Cladocera from the Sudan: Red Sea Hills, Jebel Marra and valley of the main Nile
by Henri J. Dumont, Jeannine Pensaert & Asim 1. el Moghraby ........................... 163
19. Nilobathynella predynastica n.g., n.sp. (Crustacea: Bathynellacea) from the Nile valley in Nubia
by Henri J. Dumont.... ..... .. ... .. .. .. ...... .... ............... .................... 171
20. Parapseudoleptomesochra attirei n.sp., a new species of Nitocrella from Nubia (Copepoda,
Harpacticoida)
by Henri J. Dumont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 177
21. Dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) from the Red Sea Hills and the main Nile in Sudan
by Henri J. Dumont & Koen Martens.. .... ............................................ 181
22. The calanoid copepods of the Nile system
by Hans M. Verheye & Henri J. Dumont....... .... .................................... 191
23. Food and food selection of the Penaeid prawn Penaeus monodon (Fabricius)
by E. A. El Hag........ .. .. .. ..... .......... .... .. ................... ............... 213
PART FIVE: MOLLUSCS
24. Ring formation and annual growth in Corbicula consobrina Caillaud, 1827 (Bivalvia, Corbi-
culidae)
by A. 1. el Moghraby & M. E. Adam. ...... ............................................ 219
25. The invasion of Biomphalaria pfeifferi by Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and the development of
daughter sporocysts
by Ahmed Babiker, Mutamad A. Amin & Alan Fenwick....................... ........... 227
26. Location of Biomphalaria pfeifferi by Schistosoma mansoni miracidia in stagnant and running
water under field conditions
by Ahmed Babiker, Alan Fenwick & Mutamad A. Amin.................... .............. 235
27. Feeding and growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera (L.) in Dongonab Bay, Red Sea
by Dirar H. Nasr ................................... " . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 241
28. Aquatic snails of the J onglei region, southern Sudan, and transmission of trematode parasites
by D. S. Brown, T. Fison, V. R. Southgate & c. A. Wrightt. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 247
IX
PART SIX: FISH
29. The food and growth of pelagic 0+ A/estes nurse (Characidae) from the Blue Nile, near Khartoum
by S. A. Guma'a & M. Yassin ......................... " ..................... .... ..... 273
30. Use of the frontal bone in age determination of Labeo horie (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Jebel Aulia
Reservoir, Sudan
by A. Abd el Rahman & A. I. el Moghraby .................................... " . . . . . .. 281
31. Seasonal abundance, breeding and sex-structure of populations of Tilapia nilotica (L.) and Labeo
niloticus (F.) in the Jebel Aulia Dam area of the White Nile
by M. M. Babiker .................................................................. , 287
32. Aspects of the biology of the catfish Clarias lazera (Cuv. & Val.) related to its economic cultivation
by M. M. Babiker .................................................................. , 295
33. Fishes and fisheries of Lake Nubia. Sudan
by M. T. Ali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305
34. Gill net selectivity in Lake Nubia fisheries
by M. T. Ali & Y. B. Abu-Gideiri ..................................................... 315
35. Breeding of Barbus bynni (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Jebel Au1ia Reservoir, Sudan
by A. Abd el Rahman & A. I. el Moghraby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. ... 319
36. Food and feeding habits of Labeo niloticus (Pisces, Cyprinidae) in Jebel Aulia Reservoir, Sudan
by A. I. el Moghraby & A. Abd el Rahman ............................................ , 327
37. On the reliability of the growth rings in two species of the family Characidae in the Sudan
by S. A. Guma'a, M. E. Hamza & E. M. Suliman...... ......... ......................... 333
38. Adaptive respiratory significance of organophosphates (ATP & GTP) in air-breathing fishes
by M. M. Babiker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 339
39. Development of dependence on aerial respiration in Polypterus senegalus (Cuvier)
by M. M. Babiker.. .. ..... .... .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. ...... .............................. 351
Preface
This book IS an attempt to review the state-of-the-art in the fields of limnology and of marine biology in the
Sudan. The need for it became apparent while we were doing some joint field work in the Nile Valley and along
the Red Sea coast.
We feel that several reasons justify its publication. Firstly, a vast amount of information is being gathered
year after year by the staff of the Hydrobiological Research U nit of the University of Khartoum, in
conjunction with the faculties of Medicine and Agriculture of this university; much of this information fails to
find an outlet to the scientific literature.
Secondly, we did not want to restrict our book to the Nile Valley. The Nile is such a vital life artery to the
Sudan that it has dominated limnological efforts in this country, to the neglect of other geographical areas.
The same holds true for the field of marine biology, which lags far behind, despite the existence of a marine
field laboratory at Suakin and a research institute at Port Sudan. It is hoped that both will develop
considerably in the near future.
However, as the contents of this book will show at a glance, the Nile has again succeeded in capturing most
of the attention. This has resulted from the need to fill in or bring up to date some chapters of Rzoska's (1976)
book and also from the major man-made changes that this river continues to undergo. The biology of Lake
Nubia and of Jebel Aulyia dam is, therefore, amply documented, while recent information on the Sudd
swamps is also provided. In view of the present construction of the Jonglei canal, major ecological and
hydrological changes are to be expected from the drainage of the Sudd swamps and the increased discharge
downstream. Several papers deal with the present status of the Sudd, its flora and fauna, and thus
describe a situation that is likely to significantly change or disappear in the near future.
The Editors
The Nile: Description, hydrology, control and utilisation
A. M. Ibrahim
Implementation Division, Arab Authority for Agricultural Investment and Development, Sudan
Keywords: Sudan, Nile, hydrology, control, utilization
Abstract
The Nile is a vital resource of north-eastern Africa. After a description of its basin, and its hydrology, the
different phases in the process of man gaining control on the river are discussed. Presently, the Nile is used for
irrigation, the generation of hydroelectric power, navigation, and, of particular importance to limnologists,
fisheries. Future developments in the management of the Nile are summarized.
General pIe. The Nile is reputed for the oldest hydrological
records and for its history of water management
The Nile is a dominating physical feature of the which dates back to 3000 B.c. The Roda gauge
north-eastern part of the African continent. It plays installed by the Arabs near Cairo provides the long-
a major role in the lives of the people inhabiting its est complete ~eries of records of the Nile gauge.
basin, particularly those of its lower reach in Egypt Egypt claims to have had the world's oldest dam
and the northern part of the Sudan. Since time south of Memphis, built under the rule of Pharaoh
immemorial this river has captured the imagination Menes about 3000 B.c. for water supply and irriga-
of a wide variety of people. Explorers, geographers, tion purposes.
anthropologists and hydraulic engineers were great-
ly interested and deeply involved in unravelling its
secrets and mystery. Description of the basin
The River Nile is one of the largest rivers of
Africa and the longest river in the world. Its basin The Nile Basin is divided into five sub-basins: the
has an area of 2.9.106 km2 extending from latitude White Nile, the Sobat, the Blue Nile, the Atbara
40 south to latitude 31 0 N and covering the whole of and the Main Nile.
Uganda and the cultivated land of Egypt, one third The White Nile sub-basin has a catchment area of
of Ethiopia, a substantial portion of the Sudan and 378000 km2. This sub-basin contains within its
parts of Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Rwanda and Bu- drainage area the equatorial lakes of which Lake
rundi. The basin represents one-tenth of the area of Victoria is the second largest fresh water lake in the
Africa and about one-third of the area of the ripar- world (69000 km2), Mount Ruwonzori, the third
ian countries. The Nile is the only product of a highest peak in Africa, and part of the western
tropical environment which flows northward into branch of the rift valley which contains Lakes Tan-
the Mediterranean Sea stretching, over a distance ganyika, Kivu, Edward, George and Albert (pres-
of 6695 km, from its remotest source in Tanzania ently Idi Amin and Mobutu Sese Seko, respective-
and covering areas exhibiting varieties and con- ly).
trasts in topography, climate, vegetation and peo- The most distant source of this sub-basin is River
Hydrobiologia 110, 1-13 (1984).
© Dr W. Junk Publishers, The Hague.