Limits to the European Union’s Normative Power in a Post-conflict Society

133 Pages·2018·1.904 MB·English

by  Rok Zupančič, Nina Pejič

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN POPULATION STUDIES
Rok Zupančič
Nina Pejič
Limits to the
European Union’s
Normative Power in a
Post-conflict Society
EULEX and
Peacebuilding in
Kosovo
SpringerBriefs in Population Studies
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10047
č č č
Rok Zupan i Nina Peji
(cid:129)
Limits to the European
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Union s Normative Power
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in a Post-con ict Society
EULEX and Peacebuilding in Kosovo
RokZupančič NinaPejič
Centrefor Southeast European Studies Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Graz Centreof International Relations
Graz University of Ljubljana
Austria Ljubljana
Slovenia
and
Faculty of Social Sciences
University of Ljubljana
Ljubljana
Slovenia
ISSN 2211-3215 ISSN 2211-3223 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inPopulation Studies
ISBN978-3-319-77823-5 ISBN978-3-319-77824-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77824-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018934919
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This monograph was supported by the
European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme
for Research and Innovation [Grant
Agreement No 653371] for the project:
“Improving the Effectiveness of Capabilities
in EU Conflict Prevention—IECEU” (www.
ieceu-project.com), on which both authors
worked. The work was also financially sup-
ported by the project “The European Union
and its Normative Power in a Post-conflict
Society: A Case Study of Northern Kosovo—
KOSNORTH” [Marie Sklodowska-Curie
Individual Fellowship, Grant Agreement No.
655896], led by Dr. Rok Zupančič
(September 2016–August 2018).
Acknowledgements
This book could not have been published without the project coordinator Kirsi
HyttinenandherteamatLaureaUniversityinFinlandhavingputtogetherateamof
experienced researchers from across Europe who via hard, good quality collective
worksufficientlyimpressedtheEUsothatitawardedaEUR2milliongrantforthe
project “Improving Capabilities in EU Conflict Prevention—IECEU” (Horizon
2020 Programme for Research and Innovation, Grant Agreement No. 653371).
The generous grant allowed the international consortium, including the first
author of this book, to develop a robust methodological framework to analyse the
EU’scivilianmissionsandmilitaryoperationsinthreedifferentregions:Africa,the
Middle East and Asia and Southeast Europe (the Balkans). There were two pur-
poses of this comparative analysis: first, to contrast various civilian missions and
military operations launched by the EU in underpinning ideas and policy recom-
mendations to help the EU develop a more effective conflict prevention and
peacebuilding approach. Second, it led the »academics« within the consortium to
strive for theory building within the theories of conflict prevention and peace-
building.Whenlookingbackovertheproject’s3-yearduration,thiseternalstruggle
between the »practitioners« and »academics«, sometimes even sparking loud and
fierce discussions, served as an inevitable and inspirational driver of the whole
project. (Now, at the end of the project, »the two worlds« no longer seem as far
apart as initially appeared.)
Apart from establishing the common analytical approach, this book’s authors
were primarily responsible for conducting research in »The Balkans« (the formal
name of the working package). The main reason the coordinators asked the
Slovenian scholars to conduct research in Southeast Europe is that Slovenia was
itself a Yugoslav republic up until 1991. It was thus expected the Slovenian
researchers' ties with and knowledge of the region are strong. When asked to
coordinatetheresearchon»theBalkans«,thebook’scontributorswereparticularly
pleased since they have both been working in, on and with this very region for
severalyears.(However,worksexaminingSlovenia’srelationshipwiththeBalkans
arenotalwayswellreceivedbyall,especiallySlovenia’spoliticalleaderswhosince
vii
viii Acknowledgements
1991 and even before formally and informally have been working hard to
»de-Balkanise«Sloveniaandshowtheworldthecountryhasmoreincommonwith
Central and Western Europe than with the “problematic” Balkans.)
Apart from the project coordinators, the authors would like to thank the
researchers who contributed to the Kosovo section of Working Package 2 of the
IECEUproject:IvanaBoštjančičPulko,NinaČeponandMelihaMuherina(Centre
for European Perspective, Slovenia), Johanna Suhonen (Finnish Defence Forces
InternationalCentre(FINCENT), Finland)andBlažGrilj(UniversityofLjubljana,
Faculty of Social Sciences, Slovenia).
Last,butnotleast, faleminderitshumë/hvalapuno toBaneNešovićandFlorian
Qehaja,alwayswillingtohelpandrespondtoevenourmostabsurdquestionsabout
Kosovo.
Graz, Austria Rok Zupančič
Ljubljana, Slovenia Nina Pejič
January 2018
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 The Puzzle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 The Argument in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Methodological Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Outline of the Monograph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Assessing Normative Power in Peacebuilding: A Theoretical
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 The EU’s Path to Becoming a Peacebuilding Actor . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Conceptualising Peacebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.2 The EU’s Understanding of Peacebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 The EU’s Development as a Security Actor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 From Conceiving the ‘Peace Project’ Onwards . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 The Post-Cold War Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 After the Treaty of Lisbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.4 Future Challenges to EU Conflict Prevention
and Peacebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 The EU’s Struggle for Normative Power in Post-Conflict
Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Power in International Relations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.2 Understanding Normative Power: What Is It (not)? . . . . . . 23
2.3.3 Analysing Normative Power in Peacebuilding:
A Methodological Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3 The EU’s Affair with Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1 Engaging the EU in “The Blood-Stained Balkans” . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.1.1 “The Hour of Europe in the 1990s”:
The EU and the Breaking up of Yugoslavia . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1.2 Seeking a Civilian Power Identity:
The EU and Creation of “The Western Balkans”. . . . . . . . 40
ix
x Contents
3.2 Kosovo: A Problem in the EU’s Immediate Vicinity . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.2.1 The Period Before the War in Kosovo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.2 The SFRY’s Dissolution, the War in Kosovo
and NATO’s Military Operation Against the FRY
(1991–1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2.3 The Impact of the War and Conflict Management
Activities (1999–2008). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4 EULEX Kosovo: Projecting the EU’s Normative Power
via a Rule-of-Law Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.1 Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.1.1 Security Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.1.2 EULEX as a Mediator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.1.3 Cooperation with other Actors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.1.4 European Values, Standards and Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 The Judiciary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.1 The Judicial System in Kosovo: 1999–2008 . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2.2 EULEX’s Arrival and the Kosovo Judiciary . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 General Normative Misconception of the Executive
Mandate for the Judiciary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2.4 Normativity and the Transfer of European Values . . . . . . . 84
4.2.5 The Success and Challenges of EULEX Judges
and Prosecutors in the Local Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.6 Future Challenges for Kosovo’s Judiciary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.3 Customs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.1 Establishing a New Customs Service (1999–2008) . . . . . . 94
4.3.2 Customs in the EULEX Period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.3.3 EULEX’s Normative Power in the Customs Sector . . . . . . 97
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 123