Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives

563 Pages·2000·62.11 MB·English

by  Wolfgang G. Glasser

Lignin: Historical, Biological, and
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 742
Lignin: Historical, Biological,
and Materials Perspectives
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3.35.ber 3 Tor P. Schultz, EDITOR
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
QK 898 .L5L545 2000 c.1
Lignin : historical,
biological, and materials
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lignin : historical, biological, and materials perspectives / Wolfgang G. Glasser,
Robert A. Northey, Tor P. Schultz [editors]
p. cm.—(ACS symposium series : 742)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 0-8412-3611-9
1 1. Lignin. I. Northey, Robert Α., 1957- . II. Glasser, Wolfgang G., 1941-
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0 III. Schultz, Tor P., 1953- . IV. Series.
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cs.or742.f QK898.L5L545 1999
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http://pubs.1/bk-2000- 572'.56682—dc21 99-16C98IP5
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June 8, 9 | doi: Copyright © 2000 American Chemical Society
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3.35.ber 3 Distributed by Oxford University Press
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
Washington, D.C. 20036
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
Advisory Board
ACS Symposium Series
Mary E. Castellion Omkaram Nalamasu
ChemEdit Company AT&T Bell Laboratories
Arthur B. Ellis Kinam Park
University of Wisconsin at Madison Purdue University
1
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s.or42.f Argonne National Laboratory Duke University
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012 | 0.102 Nabisco Foods Group EMaastrmtiann RC.h eTmaincat l Co.
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June 8, 9 | doi: URnicivherasridty Nof. MLisoseouprpi ky PMarickeh-aDealv iDs .P hTaarymlaocre utical
42 on 0, 199 Cynthia A. Maryanoff Research
3.35.ber 3 R. RWes. eJaorhcnhs oInns Ptithuatrem aceutical Leroy Β. Townsend
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
Foreword
THE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES was first published in 1974 to provide
a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The pur
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oped from ACS sponsored symposia based on current scientific re
search. Occasionally, books are developed from symposia sponsored
by other organizations when the topic is of keen interest to the chem
1
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012 | 0.102 Drafts of chapters are peer-reviewed prior to final acceptance or re
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42 on 0, 199 ously published papers are not accepted.
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In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
Dedication
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63.35.mber 3 1997 AnsJeolsmepeh P aLy. nMec ACwaratrhdy R ecipient
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ed bate: Joseph McCarthy has made significant contributions on a wide range of topics
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wnlatio utilization. Ever since his dissertation, "The Mechanism of Chlorination of Lignin",
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tions have met the requirements of practical relevance while providing excellent
science. For example, during Joe's first days at the University of Washington, the
Puget Sound Pulp and Timber Plant sulfite mill in Bellingham, Washington, came into
conflict with effluent discharge regulations. McCarthy's research on both ethanol
production from spent liquor and lignin sulfonates quickly became the basis for the
Bellingham plant's (now owned by Georgia-Pacific) commercial leadership in the
lignin-sulfonate markets. A "Pulp Mills Research" (PMR) program was started at the
University of Washington with support from industry in response to the concerns of
fishermen and oyster growers in the Puget Sound with the discharge of spent sulfite
liquor from pulp mills. During a 13 year period, 1944-1957, this PMR program be
came the cornerstone of McCarthy's initial contribution to the science and engineering
of chemical wood processes by focusing on kraft mill odor reduction and spent sulfite
vii
In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
liquor utilization. Today, sulfite mills in the Pacific Northwest no longer discharge
spent sulfite liquor. Other research on the industrial practice of pulp and papermaking
has dealt with different areas including the thermodynamics of sulfur dioxide solutions,
the composition and analysis of spent sulfite liquors, the recovery of heat and chem
icals from spent pulping liquors, the thermodynamics of combustion of various spent
sulfite liquor bases, sugar fermentation to ethanol, the structure and reaction of lignin
sulfonates, the purification of kraft mill effluents by steam stripping, and the recovery
of by-products of spent kraft black liquors by ultrafiltration.
Nearly 50 graduate students have graduated from McCarthy's laboratory and
more than 25 postdoctoral research associates have been guided by him into fruitful
careers. His work has been a living example of the pleasures of excelling at one's
actions and his motto—"Don't do it unless it's fun"—serves as an inspiration for all
scientists.
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viii
In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.
Preface
Lignin, the second most abundant organic substance on earth, is one of the three
structural polymers present in all woody plants. Lignin influences our world in
many different ways. If it had not been for lignin, plants would never have
01 moved from the aquatic to the terrestrial environment during evolution. It is
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or2.
cs.74 Lignin seals the water conducting system against the hydraulic pressure drop
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e 8, doi: The chemical pulping of wood, one of the ten largest industrial activities in
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oan industrial commodity.
wnlatio Despite this important role of lignin, however, many uncertainties remain in
Doblic our understanding of lignin's structure, process of formation, analytical recog
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tainties continue to be addressed with new scientific methodologies and shifting
environmental and ecological concerns. This new research, which combines
modern and traditional structural analysis techniques and which makes use of
novel experimental protocols emerging from the fields of biotechnology and
materials science, are beginning to provide exciting possibilities for recognizing
the "true" structure of lignin, and of its behaviors during pulp and paper produc
tion and as a contributing constituent of non-woody materials. Much recent
research has focused on opportunities for genetically manipulating wood for
mation in such a manner that lignin becomes easier to remove in environ
mentally-benign pulping operations. The use of lignin as a low-cost material
continues to energize research into developing new lignin-based products. The
xiii
In Lignin: Historical, Biological, and Materials Perspectives; Glasser, W., et al.;
ACS Symposium Series; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1999.