Lightweight materials from biopolymers and biofibers PDF
Preview Lightweight materials from biopolymers and biofibers
Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; 1175 ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers Yiqi Yang, Editor University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Helan Xu, Editor University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, Nebraska Xin Yu, Editor Zhejiang Fashion Institute of Technology Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China Sponsored by the ACSDivisionofCelluloseandRenewableMaterials AmericanChemicalSociety,Washington,DC DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Lightweightmaterialsfrombiopolymersandbiofibers/YiqiYang,editor,Universityof Nebraska-Lincoln,Lincoln,Nebraska,HelanXu,editor,UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln,Nebraska,XinYu,editor,ZhejiangFashionInstituteofTechnology,Ningbo, ZhejiangProvince,China;sponsoredbytheACSDivisionofCelluloseandRenewable Materials. pagescm.-- (ACSsymposiumseries;1175) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-0-8412-2990-7(alk.paper) 1. Lightweightmaterials.2. Biopolymers.3. Fibers. I.Yang,Yiqi,editor.II.Xu,Helan, editor.III.Yu,Xin(Materialsresearcher)IV.AmericanChemicalSociety.Cellulose andRenewableMaterialsDivision. TA418.9.L53L542014 620.1′92--dc23 2014039655 ThepaperusedinthispublicationmeetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNational Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSIZ39.48n1984. Copyright©2014AmericanChemicalSociety DistributedinprintbyOxfordUniversityPress AllRightsReserved. ReprographiccopyingbeyondthatpermittedbySections107or108 oftheU.S.CopyrightActisallowedforinternaluseonly,providedthataper-chapterfeeof $40.25plus$0.75perpageispaidtotheCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA01923,USA.Republicationorreproductionforsaleofpagesinthis bookispermittedonlyunderlicensefromACS.Directtheseandotherpermissionrequests toACSCopyrightOffice,PublicationsDivision,115516thStreet,N.W.,Washington,DC 20036. Thecitationoftradenamesand/ornamesofmanufacturersinthispublicationisnottobe construedasanendorsementorasapprovalbyACSofthecommercialproductsorservices referenced herein; nor should the mere reference herein to any drawing, specification, chemicalprocess, orotherdataberegardedasalicenseorasaconveyanceofanyright or permission to the holder, reader, or any other person or corporation, to manufacture, reproduce,use,orsellanypatentedinventionorcopyrightedworkthatmayinanywaybe relatedthereto. Registerednames,trademarks,etc.,usedinthispublication,evenwithout specificindicationthereof,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Foreword The ACS Symposium Series was first published in 1974 to provide a mechanism for publishing symposia quickly in book form. The purpose of the series is to publish timely, comprehensive books developed from the ACS sponsoredsymposiabasedoncurrentscientificresearch. Occasionally,booksare developed from symposia sponsored by other organizations when the topic is of keeninteresttothechemistryaudience. Beforeagreeingtopublishabook,theproposedtableofcontentsisreviewed forappropriateandcomprehensivecoverageandforinteresttotheaudience. Some papersmaybeexcludedtobetterfocusthebook;othersmaybeaddedtoprovide comprehensiveness. When appropriate, overview or introductory chapters are added. Draftsofchaptersarepeer-reviewedpriortofinalacceptanceorrejection, andmanuscriptsarepreparedincamera-readyformat. As a rule, only original research papers and original review papers are included in the volumes. Verbatim reproductions of previous published papers arenotaccepted. ACSBooksDepartment In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Preface Weight reduction in industrial products has been a well-received concept for quite some time. Recently, lightweight materials have become increasingly important in product design because they are capable of remarkably reducing material and energy consumption, carbon emission, and waste generation. As such, lightweight materials are used in a variety of industries, from automotive and construction to biomaterials. Currently, an overwhelming amount of lightweight materials are fabricated from plastics produced from fossil fuel. However, thesoaringpricesofcurrentpetro-productsanddepletionofcrudeoil hasbeendrivingsubstitutionofpetroleum-derivedmaterialswithrenewableand sustainablesubstrates. Biopolymersfromrenewableresourcescouldbepotentialrawmaterialsused to develop lightweight materials. Biopolymers, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and biosynthetic polymers, come from living organisms, including plants, animals and bacteria. Production of biopolymers substantially reduces energy consumption and carbon emission when compared with the production of petroleum-derivedpolymers. Thefutureofmaterialindustriesliesindeveloping lightweightmaterialsmadefromrenewableresources. This book intends to present state-of-the-art research and technologies for design,construction,andapplicationsoflightweightmaterialsfrombiopolymers andbiofibers. Thoughitisnotpossibletoentirelycapturethetremendouslength andbreadthofadvancementsinallrelevantdisciplines,wehaveputforthserious efforttodoso,andtosynergisticallyanalyzethestatusandfutureoflightweight materialsandbio-basedpolymers. Thiscollectionofchapters,eachonecontributedbyinternationallyrecognized experts in their relevant fields, presents comprehensive coverage of the major aspects of lightweight materials. The first section of the book synergistically reviewsthedevelopmentofbiopolymersandthemanipulationofbiopolymersinto fibrousstructuresviadiverseapproaches. Thesecondsectionmainlysummarizes requirementsforspecificapplicationsofbio-basedlightweightmaterialsinareas of constructions, logistics, medicine, and wastewater treatments, etc. Particular emphasis has been placed on recent advances and imminent perspectives pertaining to the development of lightweight materials, with recognition of the recentachievementsinthisgrowingfield. ix In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Yiqi Yang [email protected](e-mail) DepartmentofTextiles,MerchandisingandFashionDesign DepartmentofBiologicalSystemsEngineering NebraskaCenterforMaterialsandNanoscience 234,HECOBuilding UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln Lincoln,Nebraska68583-0802,UnitedStates Helan Xu [email protected](e-mail) DepartmentofTextiles,MerchandisingandFashionDesign 234,HECOBuilding UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln Lincoln,Nebraska68583-0802,UnitedStates Xin Yu [email protected](e-mail) InternationalSchool ZhejingFashionInstituteofTechnology 495FenghuaRd.,ZhenhaiDistrict Ningbo, Zhejiang, China x In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Editors’ Biographies Yiqi Yang Dr. Yiqi Yang received his Ph.D. in 1991 from Purdue University after receiving his undergraduate and master’s degrees from Donghua University. As a textile chemical engineer, he is a distinguished professor at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, a state specially recruited expert of China, and a Changjiang Scholar Lecture Professor at Jiangnan University. Dr. Yang’s research interests areingreenpolymersandmaterials, biotextileengineering, andfiberandtextile chemistry. Examplesofhisresearchincludedevelopmentofnewlignocellulosic, protein and synthetic fibers from agricultural wastes and byproducts, and application of green materials in textile, composite, and medical industries. Dr. Yang has extensive experience in fiber and textile productions, and has close relationshipswithinternationalfiberandtextileindustries. Helan Xu Dr. Helan Xu received her Ph.D. in 2014 from University of Nebraska- Lincolnafterreceivingherundergraduateandmaster’sdegreesintextilescience andengineeringfromDonghuaUniversity. Shehasbeenworkingontextileand medicalapplicationsofagriculturalbyproductsandwastes. Herresearchprojects include developing textile fibers and 3D ultrafine fibrous tissue engineering scaffoldsfromproteinsderivedfromagriculturalbyproductsandwastes,protein nanoparticles for biomedical and industrial applications, and biodegradable lightweight composites from renewable agricultural byproducts. Dr. Xu has published 25 SCI journal papers, including nine first-authored papers, and has writtenoneACSbookchapter. Xin Yu Ms. XinYu,adoublemaster’sdegreeholder,graduatedfromEcoleNationale Supérieure des Arts et Industries Textiles (ENSAIT) in France and Donghua University in China, and majored in textile engineering, textile technology, and advanced materials. She has worked in the Australian nationwide research organization Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and the division of Materials Science and Engineering (CMSE). Currently, Ms. Yu is a lecturer at the International School of Zhejiang Fashion InstituteofTechnologyinChina. Herresearchinterestsincludetextiletechnology, textilematerialsscience,bioengineering,andfunctionaltextiles. ©2014AmericanChemicalSociety In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Chapter 1 Lightweight Materials from Biofibers and Biopolymers Danning Zhang*,1,2,3 1DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,UniversityofDelaware, Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates 2CenterforCompositeMaterials,UniversityofDelaware, Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates 3Currentaddress: 201CompositesManufacturingLaboratory, UniversityofDelaware,Newark,Delaware19716,UnitedStates *E-mail: [email protected] Materialsfromnaturalresourcesaredrawinggrowingattention in the last two decades due to the growing environmental threat and uncertainty of petroleum supply. Both academia and industries have contributed great efforts on developing lightweight materials from natural resources. This chapter briefly introduces the recent development of biofibers, biopolymers and biocomposites. Technologies, processing methods and properties optimization on these materials are included. The performance of light weight biocomposites are investigated including static mechanical properties, long term stabilityandfunctionalproperties. Widerangeapplicationsand futuredevelopmentofbiobasedmaterialsarediscussed. ©2014AmericanChemicalSociety In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.; Introduction The growing concern of the non-renewability of petroleum resources and environmental issues results in an increasing interest in developing novel bio-based materials from renewable agricultural and natural resources. There are many advantages that bio-based materials have over the traditional ones, for example,therenewability,recyclability,sustainability,triggeredbiodegradability andlowcost. Theseadvantagesmaketheimportanceofthebio-basedmaterials considering the growing environmental threat and uncertainty of petroleum supply. Great efforts have been made to develop lightweight materials from abundant natural resources and agricultural byproducts, including biofibers, biopolymersandbiocomposites. Technologies,processingmethodsandproperties optimization on these materials are discussed in this chapter. The following sections are organized as follows: we start with the introduction of biofibers including types, chemical compositions, and properties. We subsequently discussed typical biopolymers from plant oil, proteins, starch and etc. Lastly, processingmethods,performanceandapplicationsofbiocompositesarereviewed. Biofibers Naturalcellulosefiberssuchascotton, jute, andflax, andproteinfiberslike wool and silk have been widely used for textiles and ropes for thousand years. Astheworldpopulationincreases,thereisatrendfortextileandotherindustries tosearchnewfibersfromabundantnaturalresourcesandagriculturebyproducts to compete with major traditional fibers in terms of land dependency, cost and availability. Bio-CelluloseFibers Bio-cellulosefibersfromplantresourcesarethemajorbiofibersstudied. With the large variety of plant species, thousands of different cellulose fibers may be produced. Jute, flax, hemp, sisal, kenaf, ramie are common biofibers that were studiedextensivelyandappliedinindustries. Abaca,oilpalm,sugarcanebagasse, bamboo,pineappleleaf,coir,datepalmleaf,curaua,ricestraw,wheatstrawand cornhuskfibersaredrawingmoreattentionandalsobeinginvestigatedduetotheir lowcost,wideavailabilityandspecificproperties. ClassificationandChemicalCompositions Basedontheoriginsofthebio-cellulosefibers,theycanbeclassifiedintobast, leaf,fruit,andstalkfibers,asseeninTableIwiththecorrespondingfibers. 2 In Lightweight Materials from Biopolymers and Biofibers; Yu, et al.;
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