Lightning Protection

1070 Pages·2009·9.49 MB·English

by  Vernon Cooray

IETPOWERANDENERGYSERIES58
Lightning Protection
Othervolumesinthisseries:
Volume1 PowercircuitbreakertheoryanddesignC.H.Flurscheim(Editor)
Volume4 IndustrialmicrowaveheatingA.C.MetaxasandR.J.Meredith
Volume7 InsulatorsforhighvoltagesJ.S.T.Looms
Volume8 VariablefrequencyACmotordrivesystemsD.Finney
Volume10 SF6switchgearH.M.RyanandG.R.Jones
Volume11 ConductionandinductionheatingE.J.Davies
Volume13 StatisticaltechniquesforhighvoltageengineeringW.HauschildandW.Mosch
Volume14 UninterruptiblepowersuppliesJ.PlattsandJ.D.StAubyn(Editors)
Volume15 DigitalprotectionforpowersystemsA.T.JohnsandS.K.Salman
Volume16 ElectricityeconomicsandplanningT.W.Berrie
Volume18 VacuumswitchgearA.Greenwood
Volume19 Electricalsafety:aguidetocausesandpreventionofhazardsJ.(cid:2)MaxwellAdams
Volume21 Electricitydistributionnetworkdesign,2ndeditionE.LakerviandE.J.Holmes
Volume22 ArtificialintelligencetechniquesinpowersystemsK.Warwick,A.O.Ekwueand
R.Aggarwal(Editors)
Volume24 PowersystemcommissioningandmaintenancepracticeK.Harker
Volume25 Engineers’handbookofindustrialmicrowaveheatingR.J.Meredith
Volume26 SmallelectricmotorsH.Moczalaetal.
Volume27 AC-DCpowersystemanalysisJ.ArrillagaandB.C.Smith
Volume29 Highvoltagedirectcurrenttransmission,2ndeditionJ.Arrillaga
Volume30 FlexibleACTransmissionSystems(FACTS)Y-H.Song(Editor)
Volume31 EmbeddedgenerationN.Jenkinsetal.
Volume32 Highvoltageengineeringandtesting,2ndeditionH.M.Ryan(Editor)
Volume33 Overvoltageprotectionoflow-voltagesystems,revisededitionP.(cid:2)Hasse
Volume34 ThelightningflashV.Cooray
Volume35 ControltechniquesdrivesandcontrolshandbookW.Drury(Editor)
Volume36 VoltagequalityinelectricalpowersystemsJ.Schlabbachetal.
Volume37 ElectricalsteelsforrotatingmachinesP.Beckley
Volume38 Theelectriccar:developmentandfutureofbattery,hybridandfuel-cellcars
M.Westbrook
Volume39 PowersystemselectromagnetictransientssimulationJ.ArrillagaandN.Watson
Volume40 AdvancesinhighvoltageengineeringM.HaddadandD.Warne
Volume41 ElectricaloperationofelectrostaticprecipitatorsK.Parker
Volume43 ThermalpowerplantsimulationandcontrolD.Flynn
Volume44 EconomicevaluationofprojectsintheelectricitysupplyindustryH.Khatib
Volume45 PropulsionsystemsforhybridvehiclesJ.Miller
Volume46 DistributionswitchgearS.Stewart
Volume47 Protection of electricity distribution networks, 2nd edition J. Gers and E.(cid:2)
Holmes
Volume48 WoodpoleoverheadlinesB.Wareing
Volume49 Electricfuses,3rdeditionA.WrightandG.Newbery
Volume50 Windpowerintegration:connectionandsystemoperationalaspects
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Volume51 ShortcircuitcurrentsJ.Schlabbach
Volume52 NuclearpowerJ.Wood
Volume53 Conditionassessmentofhighvoltageinsulationinpowersystemequipment
R.E.JamesandQ.Su
Volume55 Localenergy:distributedgenerationofheatandpowerJ.Wood
Volume56 ConditionmonitoringofrotatingelectricalmachinesP.Tavner,L.Ran,J.(cid:2)Penman
andH.Sedding
Volume905 Powersystemprotection,4volumes
Lightning Protection
Edited by Vernon Cooray
TheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Listofcontributors xxvii
Preface xxix
Acknowledgements xxxi
1 BenjaminFranklinandlightningrods 1
E.PhilipKrider
1.1 APhiladelphiastory 3
1.2 TheFrenchconnection 5
1.3 ExperimentsincolonialAmerica 6
1.4 Firstprotectionsystem 7
1.5 Improvements 9
1.6 ‘Snatchinglightningfromthesky’ 12
Acknowledgement 13
References 13
2 Lightningparametersofengineeringinterest 15
VernonCoorayandMahendraFernando
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Electricfieldsgeneratedbythunderclouds 19
2.3 Thunderstormdaysandgroundflashdensity 23
2.4 Numberofstrokesandtimeintervalbetweenstrokes 25
ingroundflashes
2.4.1 Numberofstrokesperflash 28
2.4.2 Interstrokeinterval 30
2.5 Numberofchannelterminationsingroundflashes 31
2.6 Occurrenceofsurfaceflashover 34
2.7 Lightningleaders 36
2.7.1 Speedofsteppedleaders 36
2.7.2 Speedofdartleaders 37
2.7.3 Electricfieldsgeneratedbysteppedleaders 39
2.7.4 Electricfieldsgeneratedbydartleaders 40
2.7.5 Speedofconnectingleaders 44
2.7.6 Currentsinconnectingleaders 45
viii Contents
2.8 Currentparametersoffirstandsubsequentreturnstrokes 47
2.8.1 Berger’smeasurements 50
2.8.2 GarbagnatiandPiparo’smeasurements 51
2.8.3 Eriksson’smeasurements 51
2.8.4 AnalysisofAnderssonandEriksson 53
2.8.5 MeasurementsofTakamiandOkabe 53
2.8.6 MeasurementsofVisacroandcolleagues 54
2.8.7 Summaryofcurrentmeasurements 54
2.9 Statisticalrepresentationoflightningcurrentparameters 55
2.9.1 Correlationbetweendifferentcurrentparameters 57
2.9.2 Effectoftowerheight 60
2.9.3 Mathematicalrepresentationofcurrentwaveforms 67
2.9.3.1 Currentwaveformrecommendedbythe 67
CIGREstudygroup
2.9.3.2 Analyticalformofthecurrentusedinthe 70
InternationalElectrotechnical
Commissionstandard
2.9.3.3 AnalyticalexpressionofNucciandcolleagues 71
2.9.3.4 AnalyticalexpressionofDiendorferandUman 71
2.9.3.5 AnalyticalexpressionofDelfinoandcolleagues 72
2.9.3.6 AnalyticalexpressionofCoorayandcolleagues 72
2.9.4 Currentwaveshapesofupward-initiatedflashes 72
2.10 Electricfieldsfromfirstandsubsequentstrokes 74
2.11 Peakelectricradiationfieldsoffirstandsubsequentstrokes 81
2.12 Continuingcurrents 84
2.13 M-components 88
References 88
3 Rocket-triggeredlightningandnewinsightsintolightning 97
protectiongainedfromtriggered-lightningexperiments
V.A.Rakov
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Triggeringtechniques 98
3.2.1 Classicaltriggering 98
3.2.2 Altitudetriggering 103
3.2.3 TriggeringfacilityatCampBlanding,Florida 105
3.3 Overallcurrentwaveforms 107
3.3.1 Classicaltriggering 107
3.3.2 Altitudetriggering 109
3.4 Parametersofreturn-strokecurrentwaveforms 110
3.5 Return-strokecurrentpeakversusgroundingconditions 122
3.6 Characterizationofthecloselightning 128
electromagneticenvironment
3.7 Studiesofinteractionoflightningwithvarious 131
objectsandsystems
Contents ix
3.7.1 Overheadpowerdistributionlines 131
3.7.1.1 Nearbystrikes 131
3.7.1.2 Directstrikes 135
3.7.2 Undergroundcables 143
3.7.3 Powertransmissionlines 143
3.7.4 Residentialbuildings 144
3.7.5 Airportrunwaylightingsystem 144
3.7.6 Miscellaneousexperiments 149
3.8 Concludingremarks 150
References 150
Bibliography 159
4 Attachmentoflightningflashestogroundedstructures 165
VernonCoorayandMarleyBecerra
4.1 Introduction 165
4.1.1 Theprotectionanglemethod 166
4.1.2 Theelectro-geometricalmethod 168
4.1.3 Therollingspheremethod 170
4.1.4 Themeshmethod 175
4.2 Strikingdistancetoflatground 176
4.2.1 Golde 177
4.2.2 Eriksson 177
4.2.3 DelleraandGarbagnati 179
4.2.4 Coorayandcolleagues 179
4.2.5 ArmstrongandWhitehead 180
4.3 Strikingdistancetoelevatedstructures 182
4.3.1 Positiveleaderdischarges 183
4.3.2 Leaderinceptionmodels 186
4.3.2.1 Thecriticalradiusconcept 186
4.3.2.2 Rizk’sgeneralizedleaderinceptionequation 190
4.3.2.3 Criticalstreamerlengthconcept 194
4.3.2.4 BazelyanandRaizer’sempiricalleadermodel 195
4.3.2.5 Lalande’sstabilizationfieldequation 196
4.3.2.6 Theself-consistentleaderinceptionmodel 197
ofBecerraandCooray
4.4 Theleaderprogressionmodel 212
4.4.1 Thebasicconceptoftheleaderprogressionmodel 212
4.4.2 TheleaderprogressionmodelofEriksson 212
4.4.3 TheleaderprogressionmodelofDellera 215
andGarbagnati
4.4.4 TheleaderprogressionmodelofRizk 217
4.4.5 Attemptstovalidatetheexistingleaderprogressionmodels 220
4.4.6 Criticaloverviewoftheassumptionsof 223
leaderprogressionmodels
4.4.6.1 Orientationofthesteppedleader 223