Lightning Interaction with Power Systems: Fundamentals and modelling (Volume 1) (Energy Engineering)

457 Pages·2020·17.941 MB·English

by  Alexandre Piantini (editor)

IETENERGY ENGINEERING 172
Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
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Lightning Interaction with
Power Systems
Volume 1: Fundamentals and modelling
Edited by
Alexandre Piantini
The Institution of Engineering andTechnology
PublishedbyTheInstitutionofEngineeringandTechnology,London,UnitedKingdom
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Contents
Abouttheeditor xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xix
Abouttheauthors xxi
1 Lightningandclimate change 1
Earle R. Williams
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basics of thunderstorm electrification and lightning 4
1.3 Thermodynamic control on lightning activity 5
1.3.1 Temperature 5
1.3.2 Dew point temperature 5
1.3.3 Water vapor and the Clausius–Clapeyron relationship 5
1.3.4 Convective available potential energy and its
temperature dependence 7
1.3.5 Cloud base height and its influence oncloud microphysics 9
1.3.6 Balance level considerations in deep convection 12
1.3.7 Baroclinicity 14
1.4 Global lightning responseto temperature ondifferent time scales 14
1.4.1 Diurnal variation 15
1.4.2 Semiannual variation 15
1.4.3 Annual variation 17
1.4.4 ENSO 18
1.4.5 Decadal time scale 20
1.4.6 Multi-decadal time scale 20
1.5 Aerosol influence on moist convection and lightning activity 22
1.5.1 Basic concepts 22
1.5.2 Observational support 24
1.6 Nocturnal thunderstorms 25
1.7 Meteorological control onlightning type 27
1.8 The global circuits as monitors for destructive lightning
and climate change 28
1.9 Expectations for the future 30
References 31
viii Lightning interaction with power systems, volume 1
2 Lightningphenomenonandparameters for engineering application 47
Vladimir A. Rakov
2.1 Types of lightning and main lightning processes 47
2.1.1 Overview 47
2.1.2 Downwardnegative lightning 50
2.1.3 Downwardpositive lightning 53
2.1.4 Artificially initiated lightning 55
2.1.5 Upward lightning 58
2.2 Number of strokes per flash 59
2.3 Interstroke intervals and flash duration 60
2.4 Multiple channel terminationsonground 61
2.5 Relative stroke intensitywithin the flash 63
2.6 Return-stroke peak current—“classical” distributions 66
2.7 Return-stroke peak current—recent direct measurements 74
2.8 Current waveshape parameters 77
2.9 Correlations between the parameters 80
2.10 Return-stroke propagation speed 82
2.11 Equivalent impedance of the lightning channel 84
2.12 Mathematical expressions forthe lightning current waveform 87
2.13 Summary 88
2.14 Future work 90
Acknowledgments 91
References 91
3 Lightningreturnstrokemodelsforelectromagneticfieldcalculations 101
Vernon Cooray
3.1 Introduction 101
3.2 Basic concept of current propagationmodels 103
3.3 Basic conceptsof current generation models 104
3.3.1 Input parameters of the CG models and the expression
for the current at any height 106
3.3.2 Evaluate tðzÞ given I ðtÞ, rðzÞ and vðzÞ 107
b
3.3.3 Evaluate rðzÞ given I ðtÞ, tðzÞ and vðzÞ 108
b
3.3.4 Evaluate vðzÞ, given I ðtÞ, rðzÞ and tðzÞ 108
b
3.4 Basic conceptsof current dissipationmodels 108
3.4.1 Input parameters of the CD models 110
3.4.2 The connection between the channel base current
(or injected current) and the corona current 110
3.5 Generalization of any model to current generation or current
dissipationtype 111
3.6 Current propagation models as a special case of current
dissipationmodels 112
3.7 Physical basisof CDand CGmodels and a return stroke model
based ontheir combination 114
Contents ix
3.8 Electromagnetic fields from lightning return strokes 115
3.9 Calculation of lightning return stroke electromagnetic fields
over ground 123
3.10 Final comments and conclusions 127
References 128
4 Lightninggeolocationinformation for power systemanalyses 133
Wolfgang Schulz andAmitabhNag
4.1 Introduction to ground flash density calculation 134
4.2 Standards and techniques recommended by the IEC 62858 136
4.2.1 Ground flash density from LLS 136
4.2.2 Ground strike point density 138
4.3 Lightning locating systems 139
4.3.1 Lightning geolocation techniques 139
4.3.2 Estimation of peak currentsfrom measured
electromagnetic fields 142
4.3.3 Modern precision lightning locating systems 143
4.3.4 Modern long-range lightning locating systems 150
4.3.5 Validation of LLS performance characteristics using
ground-truth-data 151
References 155
5 Lightningattachmentto overhead power lines 165
Pantelis N. Mikropoulos,Jinliang He and Marina Bernardi
5.1 Lightning attachment 166
5.2 Lightning attachment models 167
5.2.1 Electrogeometric models 167
5.2.2 Leader propagation models 181
5.3 Lightning incidence due todirect lightning strokes 193
5.3.1 Definitions and terminology 194
5.3.2 Lightning stroke collection rate of shield wire(s) 195
5.3.3 Lightning stroke collection rate of phase conductors
(shielding failure rate) 202
5.3.4 Concluding remarks onlightning incidence due to direct
lightning strokes 206
References 208
6 Field-to-transmission line coupling models 217
VernonCooray,CarloAlbertoNucci, Alexandre Piantini,
FarhadRachidi andMarcosRubinstein
6.1 Introduction (TL approximation, QSapproximation,
and full-wave approach) 218
6.2 Field-to-transmissionline coupling models for overhead lines 219