Lighting control-technology and applications

575 Pages·2003·34.59 MB·English

by  Robert Simpson

L i g h t i n g C o n t r o l - T e c h n o l o g y
a n d A p p l i c a t i o n s
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
L i g h t i n g C o n t r o l – T e c h n o l o g y a n d
A p p l i c a t i o n s
Robert S. Simpson
CONTENTS
Focal Press
An imprint of Elsevier
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
200 Wheeler Road, Burlington MA 01803
First published 2003
Copyright© 2003, Robert S. Simpson. All rights reserved
The right of Robert S. Simpson to be identified as the author of this work
has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including
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Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights
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e-mail:
CONTENTS
C o n t e n t s
Trade marks and disclaimer vii 4 Arc lamps 130
Acknowledgements viii
Preface ix 4.1 High intensity discharge lamps 130
4.2 Mercury vapor lamps 130
Part 1 Foundation chapters 4.3 Sodium and high pressure sodium lamps 133
4.4 Metal halide lamps 136
4.5 Compact source metal halide lamps 138
1 Electricity and light 1
4.6 High pressure mercury vapor lamps 139
4.7 Xenon arc lamps 140
1.1 Electricity 1
4.8 Arc lamp classification 141
1.2 Electrical units and components 4
1.3 Electrical distribution 15
5 Special purpose lamps 144
1.4 Power factor 24
1.5 Control of electric power 29
5.1 Induction lamps 144
1.6 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 36
5.2 Flat lamps 148
1.7 Light 39
5.3 Neon lamps 149
1.8 The eye, how we see light 44
5.4 Electroluminescent lamps 151
1.9 Measurement of light 45
5.5 Light emitting diodes (LEDs) 153
1.10 Color 50
5.6 Lasers 159
1.11 Measurement of color 53
5.7 Ultra-violet lamps 162
5.8 Infra-red lamps 163
2 Lighting electronics 58
5.9 Flash tubes 164
5.10 Fiber optics and lightguides 166
2.1 Electronic principles 58
5.11 Video displays as lightsources 171
2.2 The diode 63
2.3 The transistor 68
Part 3 Lighting components
2.4 The thyristor, triac and GTO 81
2.5 Analog and digital 85
6 Electromagnetic components 172
2.6 The integrated circuit and ASIC 93
2.7 The microprocessor 102
6.1 Principles of transformers and inductors 172
2.8 Programmable devices 110
6.2 Transformers for lighting 186
6.3 Ballasts for fluorescent lamps 192
Part 2 Lamps
6.4 Ballasts for HID and arc lamps 204
6.5 Ignitors and starters 207
3 Everyday lamps 112
6.6 Lighting control by transformers
and ballasts 210
3.1 Non-electric lighting 112 6.7 Power factor correction 211
3.2 The incandescent lamp 113
3.3 Tungsten halogen lamps 115 7 Electronic components 215
3.4 The fluorescent lamp 119
3.5 Compact fluorescent lamps 123 7.1 Circuit elements 215
3.6 Special purpose fluorescent lamps 124 7.2 Electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps 219
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CONTENTS
7.3 Electronic ballasts for HID and arc lamps 242 12 Architectural lighting control systems 374
7.4 Electronic transformers 245
7.5 Lighting control by electronic transformers
12.1 “Setting the scene” 374
and ballasts 248
12.2 Manual versus automatic control 375
12.3 Single channel control 376
Part 4 Dimmers and control systems 12.4 Small multi-channel control systems 377
12.5 Large multi-channel control systems 381
12.6 Switching systems 383
8 Dimmers 250
12.7 Centralized versus distributed systems 390
12.8 Emergency and safety 391
8.1 Introduction to dimmers 250
8.2 Non-electronic dimming 252
13 The merging of “architectural” and
8.3 Thyristor and triac dimmers 257
8.4 Transistor dimmers 269 “entertainment” lighting control 396
8.5 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) 272
8.6 New developments in electronic dimming 276 13.1 User demands and the influence of
designers 396
13.2 Automatic lighting control in public
9 Control signals and protocols 280
shows and public areas 398
13.3 Control of exterior lighting 400
9.1 Introduction 280
9.2 Analog control 280
9.3 Digital control 283 14 Energy management and building control
9.4 Standard protocols for lighting control 288 systems 402
9.5 Networks and buses 303
9.6 Computers in lighting control 332 14.1 Principles 402
9.7 Cordless control 334 14.2 Sensors and timers 403
14.3 Switching versus dimming, control
10 Why lighting control? 343 algorithms 412
14.4 Local versus central control 417
14.5 Impact of lighting on HVAC 417
10.1 The practical role 343
14.6 Power quality 417
10.2 The esthetic role 344
14.7 Integrated versus separate lighting control 418
10.3 The energy management role 345
14.8 Monitoring systems 418
10.4 Influence of legislation 348
10.5 Lighting design 351
Part 5 Applications
11 Stage and entertainment lighting control
15 Architectural applications 420
systems 353
15.1 The home 420
11.1 Basis of stage lighting control 353
15.2 Integrated home control systems 428
11.2 Simple multichannel controls for
15.3 The workplace 431
entertainment 354
15.4 Meeting rooms, conference centers, and
11.3 Memory consoles 356
11.4 Live versus automatic 362 auditoria 436
11.5 Control of moving lights 363 15.5 Places of worship 447
11.6 Control of color 370 15.6 Museums, art galleries and libraries 449
11.7 Large scale entertainment lighting control 372 15.7 Visitor centers and exhibitions 454
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CONTENTS
15.8 Hotels, hospitals and institutions 459 17 Entertainment applications 510
15.9 Restaurants, bars and pubs 463
15.10 Illuminated signs 464 17.1 Small stages 510
17.2 Large stages 514
17.3 Television 520
17.4 Touring shows 524
16 Functional applications 469
17.5 Outdoor shows, Son et Lumière,
pyrotechnics 526
16.1 Retail spaces 469 17.6 Stadia, arenas, sporting facilities 534
16.2 Agriculture and horticulture 472 17.7 Theme parks 539
16.3 Manufacturing processes 473 17.8 Entertainment within retail 542
16.4 Healthcare 474 17.9 Discotheques, dancefloors and clubs 544
16.5 Simulation 475 17.10 Conclusion 546
16.6 On water 476
16.7 In the air 481
16.8 On the road 490 Some suggestions for further reading 547
16.9 On railways 505 Table of acronyms 550
16.10 Control rooms 508 Index 552
Trade marks and disclaimer
In order to ensure that this book can be of practical use, it has been necessary to mention many commercial products by
name. The inclusion or omission of any particular company’s products does not imply any endorsement or comment by
the publisher. Where summaries are given of manufacturers of different kinds of equipment, these are intended as
examples only, no claim is made that such summaries represent any kind of comprehensive directory.
This book is intended as a source of information only. Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of all information
contained herein, but neither the author nor the publisher can take responsibility for the consequences of using the
information, or for any errors or omissions.
Example circuits, devices and techniques may be the subject of patent protection or patent application. Their publication
in this book does not imply any license for their use.
Any references to standards and protocols (whether public or proprietary) are intended to give readers an introduction
to their nature and operation. There is no implication of any license to use them, and current standards specifications and
details of any licensing associated with them must be obtained from the sponsoring body concerned.
TM
All trade marks are acknowledged. Where known they are identified in the text by or ®.
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CONTENTS
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
The author acknowledges the help given to him in prepar- IBL Peter Saunders
ing this book by many industry colleagues from around Leviton Breda Potter
the world. As far as possible application illustrations and Lighting Architects Group Jonathan Speirs
case histories are acknowledged within the text. Unac- Mark Major, Iain Ruxton
knowledged diagrams and photographs are mostly from LSI Projects Ltd Nick Mobsby
Helvar and Electrosonic. Among the many individuals who Lumisphere Products Bob Myson
have contributed information and help, special thanks are Lutron Brian McKiernan
due to to the following, arranged in company alphabetical MEM and MEM250 Richard Hunt, H. Milligan
order: Osram Hans Jörg Schenkat, Verena Roemer
P. Ducker Systems Ltd Richard Thomas
Individual independent consultants Brian Legge Philips Marc Segers, Holger Moench
Thomas Baenziger Peter Woodward, John Rothery
Pinniger & Partners Miles Pinniger
ADB (aviation lighting) Ira Jackson Project Interational Richard Dixon
AIM Aviation (Jecco) Ltd Rolf Startin Pulsar Light Cambridge Andy Graves, Paul Marden
Anytronics Ltd Bob Hall Pyrodigital Consultants Ken Nixon
Artistic License Wayne Howell Quo Vadis Ltd Michael Stott
Art2Architecture Peter Fink Relco Daria Fossati
Arup Acoustics Sam Wise repas AEG Dirk Buchholz
Arup (Manchester office) John Waite Royal National Theatre Great Britain MikeAtkinson
Avolites Richard Salzedo Schott Fibre Optics UK John Meadows
British Library Michael Wildsmith Starfield Controls Wayne Morrow
Building Research Establishment Michael Perry Strand Lighting Vic Gibbs, Ivan Myles
Carr & Angier Paul Covell Sutton Vane Associates Mark Sutton Vane
CCT Lighting David Manners Technical Marketing Ltd Andy Collier
Claude Lyons Jim McIlfatrick Teknoware Jari Tabell
Color Kinetics Melissa Connor Thorlux Lighting Terry Fletcher
The Deep (Hull, UK) Dr David Gibson Tunewell Transformers Derek Price, Glen McGovern
Delmatic Stephen Woodnutt Tridonic Stewart Langdown
Derungs Licht Claudio Roth Kate Wilkins Lighting Design Kate Wilkins
DHA Lighting Design Adam Grater Vantage Controls Andy North
Dynalite Dannielle Furness Vari-Lite Europe Ltd Samantha Dean,Colin Brooker
ECS Philips Lighting Controls Chris Holder Waltzing Waters Douglas Tews, Michael Przystawik
Electrosonic Ltd Yvonne Hegarty, Daniela Simonides The Watt Stopper Inc Joy Cohen
ETC Fred Foster WRTL Exterior Lighting Tom Thurrell
Firework Shop John Stapleton Wynne Willson Gottelier Tony Gottelier
Fisher Marantz Stone Scott Hershman Wybron Inc Brandon James
Rob Schoenbohm Young Electric Sign Co Graham Beland, Blake Gover
Focus Lighting Inc Paul Gregory
Genlyte Controls Jason Moreno
Helvar (Finland) Teijo Viljanen, Markku Nohiu In addition, grateful thanks to Paul Ashford for driving
Eeva Harjula “Pagemaker”, Noel Packer (of Helvar UK) and Paul
Helvar (Germany) Ingo Sommer Ashford for drawing most of the diagrams and Maggie
Helvar (UK) Alan Jackson, Trevor Forrest Thomas (of Electrosonic) for help thoughout the project.
Austen Conway, Dr Scott Wade, Mel Collins Finally, thanks to the staff at Focal Press for their support
Howard Industries Mike Dodds over three years.
viii
CONTENTS
P r e f a c e
Artificial lighting is part of our daily lives; in the Most light sources need some kind of “load in-
modern world there are few activities which take terface”, for example a ballast or transformer, be-
place without it. While there are many books on the tween them and the electricity supply. Part 3 reviews
subjects of light and lighting, there are few that cover these “lighting components”, most of which are avail-
the subject of lighting control. Those that do look at able in both electromagnetic and electronic form. In
the subject from a limited perspective, for example recent years there have been major advances in elec-
that of stage lighting. tronic lighting components, and they now form an
Within the practical limits set by its size, this book essential part of many lighting control systems.
is intended as a review of all methods of lighting Part 4 is the technical heart of the book, covering
control. It covers all the current technologies, and dimmers and control systems. The dimmer or dim-
gives application examples from many aspects of our ming interface is now only part of lighting control.
daily lives. It is intended for all those who already With modern systems often embracing thousands of
work in the lighting industry, for designers and con- lighting “channels” spread over a large building com-
sultants, and for the sophisticated end user. It is also plex, a basic knowledge of network and computer
intended as a training resource for those new to the technology becomes necessary.
industry. Lighting control is used for practical, esthetic and
No significant prior technical knowledge is as- energy management reasons. Part 5 reviews how the
sumed. The book is written for the “intelligent lay- technologies described in the first four parts of the
man”, and mathematics are kept to a minimum. In book are applied in practice. The aim here has been
order to make it a complete resource Part 1 is in to cite examples, without attempting to be exhaus-
the nature of a “foundation course” to give the nec- tive, representing best practice from different parts
essary background to those with limited (or no) of the world.
knowledge of the basics of light, electricity and elec- Lighting control has been part of my life for over
tronics. It can be skipped by engineers and techni- 50 years, from operating slider dimmers for school
cians who already have this knowledge. plays, to being a member of a specifying team for
Part 2 is a review of light sources. Unless you the latest generation of digital dimmers. I hope that
understand how a particular light source works, you my enthusiasm for the subject is reflected in this book,
cannot appreciate how to control it. Again much of and that even if you are an experienced lighting
the information in Part 2 may be well known to some practioner, you will find something useful or unex-
readers, although there could be a few surprises aris- pected within it.
ing from recent developments in traditional sources,
and from the arrival of completely new sources. R.S.S.
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