Light in Biology and Medicine: Volume 1

445 Pages·1989·15.25 MB·English

by  Alessandra Andreoni (auth.), Ron H. Douglas, Johan Moan, F. Dall’Acqua (eds.)

LIGHT IN BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE, Volume I
LIGHT IN BIOLOGY AND
MEDICINE
Volume I
Edited by
Ron H. Douqlas
The City University
London, United Kingdom
Johan Moan
The Norwegian Radium Hospital
Oslo, Norway
and
F. Dall'Acqua
University of Padua
Padua, Italy
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8043-9 e- ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0709-9
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0709-9
Proceedings of the Second Congress of the European Society for
Photobiology, held September 6-10, 1987, in Padua, Italy
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1988
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming.
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
Almost all life depends on light for its survival. It is the ultimate
basis for the food we eat (photosynthesis), and many organisms make use of
it in basic sensory mechanisms for guiding their behaviour, be it through
the complex process of vision, or by the relatively more simple photosens-
itivity of microorganis~urthermore, light has profound implications
for the field of medicine, both as a cause of disease (ie UV damage of
DNA), and as a therapeutic agent (ie photodynamic therapy). These and other
processes are the basis for the science of photobiolog~ which could be
defined as the study of the effects of (visible and ultraviolet) light
(from both the sun and artificial sources) on living matter. By its very
nature, therefore, it is a multidisciplinary science involving branches of
biology, chemistry, physics and medicine.
This book contains a selection of papers which have been chosen to
highlight recent advances in the various disciplines that make up photo-
biology. Although no book on photobiology can hope to be comprehensive,
we hope that this volume includes a representative sample of much of what
is new in the field. It is, however, inevitable that some areas will be
better represented than others reflecting the biases of conference org-
anisers and editors.
The chapters that constitute this book represent a collection of many of
the invited lectures and selected contributed papers presented at the 2nd
Congress of the European Society for Photobiology, held at The University
of Padua on 6-10th September 1987. Unlike many conference proceedings,
all contributions have been subjected to peer review.
The European Society for Photobiology (ESP) is now in its second year
of existence having been formally founded at the 1st Congress of the ESP
held in Grenoble in September 1986. The lectures presented at this first
meeting can be found in 'From Photobiology to Photophysics' (eds A Favre,
R Tyrrell & J Cadet, Elsevier 1987). In future it is planned to hold such
meetings every two years, the next one being in 1989 in Budapest. The most
significant advance since the last conference is that the ESP now has an
official journal (The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B; Biology).
This book is intended as a record of the scientific activities of the
ESP and it is hoped that everybody with an interest in photobiology will
find something of value to them.
v
CONTENTS
LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY
Laser Time-Resolved Fluorescence Studies for Investigating
Chromophore-Biosubstrate Interactions
A. Andreoni
Application of Polarized Luminescence in Biology and Medicine . .. 11
L. Szalay, G. Laczko and P. Maroti
Time-Resolved Fluorimetry Using Synchrotron Radiation and
Maximum Entropy Method of Analysis . . . . . . 21
J-C. Brochon and A. Livesey
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Adenosine . . . . . . . . 31
J-P. Ballini, M. Daniels and P. Vigny
LIGHT-SCATTERING AND DOSIMETRY
Measurement of Biological Effective Irradiance and Irradiation 39
D. Kockott and J. Kochmann
The Optical Absorption and Scattering Properties of Tissues
in the Visible and Near-Infrared Wavelength Range . 45
B.C. Wilson, M.S. Patterson, S.T. Flock and J.D Moulton
Photosensitization in a Light Scattering Medium . 53
L.I. Grossweiner
Optical Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy . . . . . . . . . 61
L.I. Grossweiner
PHOTOSENSITIZATION ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL
Singlet Oxygen and Electron Transfer Induced Oxygenation
Pathways in Reactions Photosensitized by
Dicyanoanthracene and Hydroxy-Anthraquinones. 67
K. Gollnick, A. Schnatterer, G. Utschick, U. Paulman
and S. Held
Mediating Effects of DNA on Some Photochemical Processes . . 77
S.J. Atherton
PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON CELLS
Action Spectra for 'Photoinactivation of Cells in the Presence
of Tetra-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)Porphyrin, Chlorin e6
and Aluminium Phthalocyanine Tetra Sulphonate . . . . . 85
A. Western and J . Moan
Mechanisms of Photodynamic Damage Induced in Cellular Systems 91
T. M.A.R. Dubbelman, J.P.J. Boegheim and J. van Steveninck
Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Photodynamic Treatment
of Cells in the Presence of Photofrin II ,
Aluminium Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate and
Tetra (3-hydroxphenyl) Porphyrin . . . . . . 95
Ko Berg, E. Hovig and J. Moan
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF PHOTODYNAMIC CANCER TREATMENT
The Role of the Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of Tumors
in the Seclective Retention of Sensitizers and the
Mechanisms of Photosensitized Tumor Destruction . 0 0 105
J . D. Spikes
New Developments and Future Prospects in the Clinical
Applications of Photodynamic Therapy 0 0 0 0 • 115
J.A.S. Carruth
PDT of Bladder Tumor • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 • • • • • • • • 121
D. Jocham and E. Unsold
Comparison of Fluorescing and Photosensitizing Properties of
Different Porphyrin - Derivative-Preparations 0 127
R. Sroka, C. Ell, D. Jocham, H. Mueller ~d.Haegen,
So Stocker and Eo Unsold
New Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer . . . . . . . . . 133
J oE. van Lie.r
PHOTOTHERAPY OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Clinical and In Vitro Photochemistry of Bilirubin . . 143
JoF. Ennever
Unwanted Side Effects and Optimization of Phototherapy 0 • • • • • • 153
T. Christensen, A. St¢ttum, G. Brunborg and JoB. Reitan
Long-Wavelength Phototherapy • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 161
G.P . Donzelli
PHOTOTHERAPY
Ultraviolet Radiation Phototherapy for Psoriasis: The Use of
a New Narrow Band UVB Fluorescent Lamp . 173
B. E. Johnson, C. Green, T. Lakshmipathi and Jo Ferguson
viii
Home UV Treatment of Psoriasis : An Update .... .. . . 181
O. Larko
5-Metho xypsoralen and Other New Furocoumarins in the
Treatment of Psoriasis . . . . . 183
A. Tanew, B. Ortel and H. Honigsmann
Phototherapy of Pruritus . 189
E. Holzle, R. von Kries and A. Hoveler
LASER ANGIOPLASTY
The Current Status of Laser Angioplasty . . . 195
J . A. Michaels , F.W. Cross, T. J. Bowker and S.G. Bown
PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Photobiochemistry Without Light : Intracellular Generation
and Transfer of Electronic Energy . . . . . . . . . 203
G. Cilento
Histadine: A Clastogenic Factor 211
P. Tachon and P . U. Giacomoni
UV EFFECTS
Alteration of DNA Structure: The Common Result of the
Interaction Between DNA and Physical and Chemical Agents 219
G. Ciarrocchi , A. Montecucco, G. Pedrali-Noy and S . Spadar i
UV-Enhanced Reactivation of UV-Irradiated SV40 is Due to
Facilitated Transcription of the Viral Early Gene . . . . . 227
T. Brown and P.A. Cerutti
Differential Reactivation and Mutagenesis of Single- and
Double-Stranded DNA Virus in Irradiated Cells from
Ataxia Telangiectasia Patients .. .. . . . . . . .. 233
G. Hilgers, J. Cornelis, P . Abrahams, R. Schouten,
A. van der Eb and J. Rommelaere
Defence Against Solar Radiation Damage to Human Skin Cells . . . . . 241
R.M. Tyrrell
PHOTOTOTOXICOLOGY
The Mouse Tail Phototoxicity Test . . . . . . 247
B. Ljunggren
Photohemolysis Techniques: An Update .. . . . . .. .. . 255
M. Bjellerup
Systemic Reactions in Phototoxicity . . 261
G.M.J. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, R.W . Busker,
H. de Vries and S.A. Schoonderwoerd
Minimizing Photo toxicity of Xenobiotics by In Vitro and
In Vivo Research of Their Structural Analogues . 267
G. M.J. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen
Reactive Oxygen Species and Other Mediators of Phototoxic
Damage . 273
E. Hietanen
Undesired Phototoxicity: Cutaneous Reactions to Systemic Drugs .. 281
O. Larko
PHOTO IMMUNOLOGY
UVB Induced Production of Keratinocyte Derived Suppressor Factors . 285
T. Schwarz, A. Urbanski, F. Gschnait and T. A. Luger
A Systematic Influence of UV Radiation in Photocarcinogenesis 293
J . C. van der Leun and F.R. de Gruijl
Differential Effects of Various Physicochemical Agents on
Murine Ia- and Thy-1 Positive Dendritic Epidermal Cells 301
A. Elbe, W. Aberer, N. Romani, E. Tschachler and G. Stingl
Immunogenetic Modulation of Photoinduced Skin Tumors 309
D. Cerimele, L. Contu, M. Mulargia, A. Ledda and S . Saccabusi
PIGMENTATION
Photoreactivity of Different Psoralens in the Treatment of
Vitiligo . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 315
H. Honigsmann
Photoprotective Functions of Eumelanin: Biophysical and
Biochemical Properties of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin 321
H. Rorsman
Enzymic and Light-Induced Conversion of 5 . 6-dihydroxyindole(s)
to melanin(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
G. Prota
Photoprotective Role of Melanin (Eumelanin) in Human Skin . . . . . 337
M. A. Pathak
Melanogenic Potential of Various Furocoumarins in
Normal and Vitiliginous Skin . . . . . . . 345
M.A. Pathak and M. D. Carbonare
VISUAL TRANSDUCTION
Guanylate Cyclase Activity and Phototransduction in the Rod
Outer Segment . . . . ......... .. .. . 357
I. Pepe and I. Panfoli
The Response of the Limulus Photoreceptor to the Absorption
of Single Photons . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 363
H. Stieve
x
PHOTOSENSITIVITY IN MICROORGANISMS
Advanced Techniques in Photobehavioral Studies: Light
Scattering Techniques . . . . 373
D. Petracchi
Advanced Techniques in Photobehavioral Studies: Computer-
Aided Studies ....... . 385
D-P. Hader
The Photomotile Responses in Blue-Green Algae . . . . . . 393
W. Nultsch
The Photomotile Responses of Unicellular Eukaryotes . . . 401
E. Mikolajczyk
Hydra Photo responses to Different Wavelengths 411
C. Taddei-Ferretti, V. Di Maio, S. Ferraro
and A. Cotugno
Absence of Co-operativity in the Primary Photoinduced
Reaction of Bathointermediate Formation in the
Photocycle of Bacteriorhodopsin at Room Temperature 417
A.K. Dioumaev, V.V Savranskii, N.V. Tkachenko and
V.I. Chukharev
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The Structure of Antenna Polypeptides from Phototropic
Bacteria and Cyanobacteria . . 423
H. Zuber
Stress and Adaptation in Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
G. Oquist
The Supramolecular Structure of the Light-Harvesting
System of Cyanobacteria and Red Algae . 441
E. Morschel
PLANT PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS
Photomorphogenesis in the Natural Environment . . 451
M.G. Holmes
INDEX· ...... . 459
xi
LASER TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE STUDIES FOR INVESTIGATING
CHROMOPHORE-BIOSUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS
Alessandra Andreoni
C.E.Q.S.E.- C.N.R., Milano and
Department of Biology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine
Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - 80131 Napoli (Italy)
INTRODUCTION
Fluorimetric studies utilizing continuous wave (cw) techniques performed
on chromophores that bind specifically to the biomacromolecule or to the cell
organelle or compartment to be examined allowed a great deal of information
to be gained, in the past, on biomolecular structures and kinetics (Udenfried,
1969). Flow cytometry, which has become such an important methodology for auto
mated cytology, is just an example of the extent to which the fluorescence
properties of Acridines, i.e. dyes exhibiting selective affinity for nucleic
acids (Albert, 1966), have been exploited to determine, for instance, DNA and
RNA contents of single cells or chromosomes aberrations or cell-cycle phases
(Mullaney et al., 1974). These investigations basically take advantage of the
fact that the optical properties - fluorescence, in particular - of chromopho-
res are affected unequivocally by binding to biomacromolecules or biostruc-
tures (Andreoni, 1985). Moreover, the stronger and/or more disruptive is the
interaction with the substrate, the more pronounced is, usually, the effect of
the binding on the chromophore emission. This property is so general that va-
riations observed both "in vitro" and "in vivo" in the fluorescence quantum
yield or in the emission spectrum of fluorescent drugs are commonly considered
to be indicative of the stability of their complexation (Geacintov, 1987) or
of their binding to specific cell substances or sites (Goormaghtigh et al.,
1980; Kessel et al., 1985).
Time-resolved fluorescence studies, which add information on the dynamics
of the chromophore-biosubstrate interaction, are relevant to all fields men-
tioned above as the photophysical mechanisms responsible for the fluorescence
quenching or enhancing induced upon binding can be more directly determined,
in general, from the knowledge of dynamic than of steady-state fluorescence
parameters (Ware, 1983). In fact, the result of an ideal time-resolved fluore-
scence experiment, carried out on a chromophore staining a substrate with a 0 -
- function exciting pulse and a detection apparatus with infinitely fast
prompt response and sensitivity independent of the detected wavelength, would
be a signal of the form
set) = ~. [so (0) x exp (-k t) J (1)
1 1 Fi
in which t is time and the decay rate ~. of each exponential component is the
overall (radiative plus non-radiative) a~cay rate of a chromophore excited
state. In fact, a multiexponential decay is to be expected because of the co