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Light in Biology and Medicine: Volume 1 PDF

445 Pages·1989·15.25 MB·English
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LIGHT IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE, Volume I LIGHT IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Volume I Edited by Ron H. Douqlas The City University London, United Kingdom Johan Moan The Norwegian Radium Hospital Oslo, Norway and F. Dall'Acqua University of Padua Padua, Italy PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON ISBN-13:978-1-4612-8043-9 e- ISBN-13:978-1-4613-0709-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0709-9 Proceedings of the Second Congress of the European Society for Photobiology, held September 6-10, 1987, in Padua, Italy © 1988 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1988 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming. recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE Almost all life depends on light for its survival. It is the ultimate basis for the food we eat (photosynthesis), and many organisms make use of it in basic sensory mechanisms for guiding their behaviour, be it through the complex process of vision, or by the relatively more simple photosens- itivity of microorganis~urthermore, light has profound implications for the field of medicine, both as a cause of disease (ie UV damage of DNA), and as a therapeutic agent (ie photodynamic therapy). These and other processes are the basis for the science of photobiolog~ which could be defined as the study of the effects of (visible and ultraviolet) light (from both the sun and artificial sources) on living matter. By its very nature, therefore, it is a multidisciplinary science involving branches of biology, chemistry, physics and medicine. This book contains a selection of papers which have been chosen to highlight recent advances in the various disciplines that make up photo- biology. Although no book on photobiology can hope to be comprehensive, we hope that this volume includes a representative sample of much of what is new in the field. It is, however, inevitable that some areas will be better represented than others reflecting the biases of conference org- anisers and editors. The chapters that constitute this book represent a collection of many of the invited lectures and selected contributed papers presented at the 2nd Congress of the European Society for Photobiology, held at The University of Padua on 6-10th September 1987. Unlike many conference proceedings, all contributions have been subjected to peer review. The European Society for Photobiology (ESP) is now in its second year of existence having been formally founded at the 1st Congress of the ESP held in Grenoble in September 1986. The lectures presented at this first meeting can be found in 'From Photobiology to Photophysics' (eds A Favre, R Tyrrell & J Cadet, Elsevier 1987). In future it is planned to hold such meetings every two years, the next one being in 1989 in Budapest. The most significant advance since the last conference is that the ESP now has an official journal (The Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, B; Biology). This book is intended as a record of the scientific activities of the ESP and it is hoped that everybody with an interest in photobiology will find something of value to them. v CONTENTS LUMINESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY Laser Time-Resolved Fluorescence Studies for Investigating Chromophore-Biosubstrate Interactions A. Andreoni Application of Polarized Luminescence in Biology and Medicine . .. 11 L. Szalay, G. Laczko and P. Maroti Time-Resolved Fluorimetry Using Synchrotron Radiation and Maximum Entropy Method of Analysis . . . . . . 21 J-C. Brochon and A. Livesey Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Adenosine . . . . . . . . 31 J-P. Ballini, M. Daniels and P. Vigny LIGHT-SCATTERING AND DOSIMETRY Measurement of Biological Effective Irradiance and Irradiation 39 D. Kockott and J. Kochmann The Optical Absorption and Scattering Properties of Tissues in the Visible and Near-Infrared Wavelength Range . 45 B.C. Wilson, M.S. Patterson, S.T. Flock and J.D Moulton Photosensitization in a Light Scattering Medium . 53 L.I. Grossweiner Optical Dosimetry in Photodynamic Therapy . . . . . . . . . 61 L.I. Grossweiner PHOTOSENSITIZATION ON THE MOLECULAR LEVEL Singlet Oxygen and Electron Transfer Induced Oxygenation Pathways in Reactions Photosensitized by Dicyanoanthracene and Hydroxy-Anthraquinones. 67 K. Gollnick, A. Schnatterer, G. Utschick, U. Paulman and S. Held Mediating Effects of DNA on Some Photochemical Processes . . 77 S.J. Atherton PHOTODYNAMIC EFFECTS ON CELLS Action Spectra for 'Photoinactivation of Cells in the Presence of Tetra-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)Porphyrin, Chlorin e6 and Aluminium Phthalocyanine Tetra Sulphonate . . . . . 85 A. Western and J . Moan Mechanisms of Photodynamic Damage Induced in Cellular Systems 91 T. M.A.R. Dubbelman, J.P.J. Boegheim and J. van Steveninck Sister Chromatid Exchanges Induced by Photodynamic Treatment of Cells in the Presence of Photofrin II , Aluminium Phthalocyanine Tetrasulfonate and Tetra (3-hydroxphenyl) Porphyrin . . . . . . 95 Ko Berg, E. Hovig and J. Moan CLINICAL ASPECTS OF PHOTODYNAMIC CANCER TREATMENT The Role of the Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry of Tumors in the Seclective Retention of Sensitizers and the Mechanisms of Photosensitized Tumor Destruction . 0 0 105 J . D. Spikes New Developments and Future Prospects in the Clinical Applications of Photodynamic Therapy 0 0 0 0 • 115 J.A.S. Carruth PDT of Bladder Tumor • 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 • 0 • • • • • • • • 121 D. Jocham and E. Unsold Comparison of Fluorescing and Photosensitizing Properties of Different Porphyrin - Derivative-Preparations 0 127 R. Sroka, C. Ell, D. Jocham, H. Mueller ~d.Haegen, So Stocker and Eo Unsold New Sensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer . . . . . . . . . 133 J oE. van Lie.r PHOTOTHERAPY OF HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA Clinical and In Vitro Photochemistry of Bilirubin . . 143 JoF. Ennever Unwanted Side Effects and Optimization of Phototherapy 0 • • • • • • 153 T. Christensen, A. St¢ttum, G. Brunborg and JoB. Reitan Long-Wavelength Phototherapy • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 161 G.P . Donzelli PHOTOTHERAPY Ultraviolet Radiation Phototherapy for Psoriasis: The Use of a New Narrow Band UVB Fluorescent Lamp . 173 B. E. Johnson, C. Green, T. Lakshmipathi and Jo Ferguson viii Home UV Treatment of Psoriasis : An Update .... .. . . 181 O. Larko 5-Metho xypsoralen and Other New Furocoumarins in the Treatment of Psoriasis . . . . . 183 A. Tanew, B. Ortel and H. Honigsmann Phototherapy of Pruritus . 189 E. Holzle, R. von Kries and A. Hoveler LASER ANGIOPLASTY The Current Status of Laser Angioplasty . . . 195 J . A. Michaels , F.W. Cross, T. J. Bowker and S.G. Bown PHOTOCHEMISTRY Photobiochemistry Without Light : Intracellular Generation and Transfer of Electronic Energy . . . . . . . . . 203 G. Cilento Histadine: A Clastogenic Factor 211 P. Tachon and P . U. Giacomoni UV EFFECTS Alteration of DNA Structure: The Common Result of the Interaction Between DNA and Physical and Chemical Agents 219 G. Ciarrocchi , A. Montecucco, G. Pedrali-Noy and S . Spadar i UV-Enhanced Reactivation of UV-Irradiated SV40 is Due to Facilitated Transcription of the Viral Early Gene . . . . . 227 T. Brown and P.A. Cerutti Differential Reactivation and Mutagenesis of Single- and Double-Stranded DNA Virus in Irradiated Cells from Ataxia Telangiectasia Patients .. .. . . . . . . .. 233 G. Hilgers, J. Cornelis, P . Abrahams, R. Schouten, A. van der Eb and J. Rommelaere Defence Against Solar Radiation Damage to Human Skin Cells . . . . . 241 R.M. Tyrrell PHOTOTOTOXICOLOGY The Mouse Tail Phototoxicity Test . . . . . . 247 B. Ljunggren Photohemolysis Techniques: An Update .. . . . . .. .. . 255 M. Bjellerup Systemic Reactions in Phototoxicity . . 261 G.M.J. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen, R.W . Busker, H. de Vries and S.A. Schoonderwoerd Minimizing Photo toxicity of Xenobiotics by In Vitro and In Vivo Research of Their Structural Analogues . 267 G. M.J. Beijersbergen van Henegouwen Reactive Oxygen Species and Other Mediators of Phototoxic Damage . 273 E. Hietanen Undesired Phototoxicity: Cutaneous Reactions to Systemic Drugs .. 281 O. Larko PHOTO IMMUNOLOGY UVB Induced Production of Keratinocyte Derived Suppressor Factors . 285 T. Schwarz, A. Urbanski, F. Gschnait and T. A. Luger A Systematic Influence of UV Radiation in Photocarcinogenesis 293 J . C. van der Leun and F.R. de Gruijl Differential Effects of Various Physicochemical Agents on Murine Ia- and Thy-1 Positive Dendritic Epidermal Cells 301 A. Elbe, W. Aberer, N. Romani, E. Tschachler and G. Stingl Immunogenetic Modulation of Photoinduced Skin Tumors 309 D. Cerimele, L. Contu, M. Mulargia, A. Ledda and S . Saccabusi PIGMENTATION Photoreactivity of Different Psoralens in the Treatment of Vitiligo . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . 315 H. Honigsmann Photoprotective Functions of Eumelanin: Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of Eumelanin and Pheomelanin 321 H. Rorsman Enzymic and Light-Induced Conversion of 5 . 6-dihydroxyindole(s) to melanin(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 G. Prota Photoprotective Role of Melanin (Eumelanin) in Human Skin . . . . . 337 M. A. Pathak Melanogenic Potential of Various Furocoumarins in Normal and Vitiliginous Skin . . . . . . . 345 M.A. Pathak and M. D. Carbonare VISUAL TRANSDUCTION Guanylate Cyclase Activity and Phototransduction in the Rod Outer Segment . . . . ......... .. .. . 357 I. Pepe and I. Panfoli The Response of the Limulus Photoreceptor to the Absorption of Single Photons . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . 363 H. Stieve x PHOTOSENSITIVITY IN MICROORGANISMS Advanced Techniques in Photobehavioral Studies: Light Scattering Techniques . . . . 373 D. Petracchi Advanced Techniques in Photobehavioral Studies: Computer- Aided Studies ....... . 385 D-P. Hader The Photomotile Responses in Blue-Green Algae . . . . . . 393 W. Nultsch The Photomotile Responses of Unicellular Eukaryotes . . . 401 E. Mikolajczyk Hydra Photo responses to Different Wavelengths 411 C. Taddei-Ferretti, V. Di Maio, S. Ferraro and A. Cotugno Absence of Co-operativity in the Primary Photoinduced Reaction of Bathointermediate Formation in the Photocycle of Bacteriorhodopsin at Room Temperature 417 A.K. Dioumaev, V.V Savranskii, N.V. Tkachenko and V.I. Chukharev PHOTOSYNTHESIS The Structure of Antenna Polypeptides from Phototropic Bacteria and Cyanobacteria . . 423 H. Zuber Stress and Adaptation in Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 G. Oquist The Supramolecular Structure of the Light-Harvesting System of Cyanobacteria and Red Algae . 441 E. Morschel PLANT PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS Photomorphogenesis in the Natural Environment . . 451 M.G. Holmes INDEX· ...... . 459 xi LASER TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE STUDIES FOR INVESTIGATING CHROMOPHORE-BIOSUBSTRATE INTERACTIONS Alessandra Andreoni C.E.Q.S.E.- C.N.R., Milano and Department of Biology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine Via Sergio Pansini, 5 - 80131 Napoli (Italy) INTRODUCTION Fluorimetric studies utilizing continuous wave (cw) techniques performed on chromophores that bind specifically to the biomacromolecule or to the cell organelle or compartment to be examined allowed a great deal of information to be gained, in the past, on biomolecular structures and kinetics (Udenfried, 1969). Flow cytometry, which has become such an important methodology for auto mated cytology, is just an example of the extent to which the fluorescence properties of Acridines, i.e. dyes exhibiting selective affinity for nucleic acids (Albert, 1966), have been exploited to determine, for instance, DNA and RNA contents of single cells or chromosomes aberrations or cell-cycle phases (Mullaney et al., 1974). These investigations basically take advantage of the fact that the optical properties - fluorescence, in particular - of chromopho- res are affected unequivocally by binding to biomacromolecules or biostruc- tures (Andreoni, 1985). Moreover, the stronger and/or more disruptive is the interaction with the substrate, the more pronounced is, usually, the effect of the binding on the chromophore emission. This property is so general that va- riations observed both "in vitro" and "in vivo" in the fluorescence quantum yield or in the emission spectrum of fluorescent drugs are commonly considered to be indicative of the stability of their complexation (Geacintov, 1987) or of their binding to specific cell substances or sites (Goormaghtigh et al., 1980; Kessel et al., 1985). Time-resolved fluorescence studies, which add information on the dynamics of the chromophore-biosubstrate interaction, are relevant to all fields men- tioned above as the photophysical mechanisms responsible for the fluorescence quenching or enhancing induced upon binding can be more directly determined, in general, from the knowledge of dynamic than of steady-state fluorescence parameters (Ware, 1983). In fact, the result of an ideal time-resolved fluore- scence experiment, carried out on a chromophore staining a substrate with a 0 - - function exciting pulse and a detection apparatus with infinitely fast prompt response and sensitivity independent of the detected wavelength, would be a signal of the form set) = ~. [so (0) x exp (-k t) J (1) 1 1 Fi in which t is time and the decay rate ~. of each exponential component is the overall (radiative plus non-radiative) a~cay rate of a chromophore excited state. In fact, a multiexponential decay is to be expected because of the co

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