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Light Emitting Diodes for Agriculture: Smart Lighting PDF

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S. Dutta Gupta Editor Light Emitting Diodes for Agriculture Smart Lighting Light Emitting Diodes for Agriculture S. Dutta Gupta Editor Light Emitting Diodes for Agriculture Smart Lighting 123 Editor S. DuttaGupta Department ofAgricultural andFood Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur India ISBN978-981-10-5806-6 ISBN978-981-10-5807-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5807-3 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017946641 ©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2017 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:152BeachRoad,#21-01/04GatewayEast,Singapore189721,Singapore Foreword We are at the beginning of a technological revolution that will have immense long-termimpactonallofourlives.Themajorityofallofthelightingintheworld is transitioning from conventional lighting technologies: incandescent, fluorescent, metal-halide, and low- and high-pressure sodium to LED lighting. In the USA., LED lighting technology is projected to reduce the total energy budget, which includesallprimaryenergyconsumption,by5%by2035.Thisisamassiveenergy saving that equates to about $50B per year in energy savings in 2035, not to mention all of the benefits of CO reduction associated with this savings. 2 While the initial driver for this shift was improved energy efficiency and resulting energy savings, the value proposition for LED lighting technology has moved well beyond this initial and important benefit. Not only is LED technology more efficient than conventional sources, it is longer lived and can provide improved lighting performance across the board. Due to their improved efficiency, LEDsruncoolerreducingthermalloadonheating,ventilation,andair-conditioning “HVAC” systems. They have smaller optical source size, enabling improved controlofopticaldistribution.Theycanlast50,000hormore.Theycanbeturned on and off instantaneously, and they are fundamentally dimmable. Finally, the spectralpowerdensityoftheemittedlightcanbefinelyengineeredandevenmade to be actively tunable. At this time, early 2017, most products do not fully engage all of these advancements due to cost, form factor, or engineering trade-offs, but consumers are learning to expect more and developers of LED technology are rapidly improving the lighting value with fewer compromises out of their lighting products. The same technology advancementsthat areimproving general illuminationare also being applied to other lighting applications, in particular the use of LED lightingforcontrolledenvironmentagriculture.LEDlightingtechnologyenablesa more highly controlled growth environment that can improve productivity and controlofthehorticulturalproduct.LEDlightingmayevenenablenewcropstobe effectivelyproducedincontrolledenvironments.Newlevelsofcontroloverspectral power distribution, optical intensity distribution, form factor, and active color tuning can be used to tailor the light to specific crops, improve productivity, vii viii Foreword and control aspects of the plant growth such as height, bushiness, and color or nutritional content. As these new levels of control are being explored for various plant growth and development applications, increasing the value of the light, the cost of LED lighting products continues to decrease. NotonlycanthefeaturesofLEDlightingbeusedtoimproveproductionbutthe new control can also be used as a highly configurable research tool to refine our knowledge of plant physiological responses to light at a rapid pace. This book serves to connect the latest research in plant and biological responses to light with developments in LED lighting technology. There is a vast range of plant physio- logical responses to light for a vast range of plant species and cultivars. And now we have a vast range of control over the light they experience in terms of color, intensity,opticaldistribution,andchangesinthesefactorsovertime.Understanding and harnessing the impacts of LED lighting on agriculture requires a long-term research effort. This book provides a range of research results in terms of lighting attributes, plant and cellular physiological responses, and even economics of lighting for controlled environment agriculture. Configurable LED lighting is now relatively inexpensive, allowing for researchers across the globe to conduct meaningfulexperimentsandaddtothebodyofknowledgeforthisimportanttopic. Academic,commercial,andneophyteresearcherscanusetheresearchdescribedin this book as a starting point for their own research efforts. This book contains fourteen chapters, contributed by pioneers who are leading theemergenceofLEDtechnologyforcontrolledenvironmentagricultureacrossthe globe.ThechaptersfollowasequencefromfundamentalfeaturesofLED,theiruse as supplemental lighting system, economics and various applications in controlled environment agriculture and their role in regulating plant morphogenesis both in vivo and in vitro. I am confident that the present book will motivate plant scientist and biotechnologists to enter into this fascinating field of application of semiconductor lighting technology for the improvement of plant growth and development. The use of LED lighting for agricultural/horticultural applications has profound implications for our world. LED lighting is a key and enabling component of controlled environment agriculture, which allows for growth of crops in new regions of the world at any time of year. This changes how crops and growth locationsarechosenwithrespecttotargetedmarkets.Energy,water,chemical,and nutrient inputs for plant growth are also dramatically changed with controlled environment agriculture. The long-term impacts on our global food supply are likely to be more localized production, increased self sufficiency, more nutritious produce available year-round, and increased opportunity for consistent small-scale food production, just to name a few of the likely impacts. While the full global Foreword ix impact of LED-enabled controlled environment agriculture with the knowledge of role of light in plant morphogenesis is difficult to anticipate, LED-regulated plant growth and development are certainly poised to play an expanded role in how the world gets its food and understanding the concepts put forth in this book will be critical to making this vision a reality. P. Morgan Pattison, Ph.D. President and Founder of Solid State Lighting Services, Inc. Senior Technical Advisor United States Department of Energy Solid State Lighting R&D Program Washington, USA Preface Lightplaysapivotalroleinregulatingplantgrowthanddevelopment.Bothquality and intensity of light as well as the photoperiod are very critical for plant mor- phogenesis.Thesignificanceofplantphotoreceptorsaskeyregulatoryproteinsthat govern metabolic events and developmental changes within plants has been well documented.Complex,multiplephotoreceptorsystemsrespondtolightandthereby regulateplantmorphogeneticchanges,functioningofthephotosyntheticapparatus, andthetrendofmetabolicreactions.Moreover,photooxidativechangesevokedby lighting condition may lead to the altered action of antioxidant defense system. Thus in combination with other agro-technical means, light, creating the mild photo-stress, might be an effective tool for phytochemical rich plant cultivation. Crop failure due to unpredictable climate change is a matter of global concern. Threats such as pest attacks and diseases further aggravate the uncertainty of crop yields. Geo-climatic limitations of traditional agriculture and its dependence on environmentally hazardous fertilizers and pesticides have impelled the advance- ments in controlled environment farming techniques. The concept of controlled environment agriculture in greenhouses and closed plant production system has emerged as a reliable and sustainable alternative means of crop production. These “plantfactories”forverticalfarmingarenowbecominganindispensablepartofthe global food security system. However, the feasibility and sustainability of such systems are largely dependent on the power requirements. The large power requirements mainly from the electric lamps that provide the actinic light which drives the light reactions of photosynthesis, accounting for 40% of the recurring cost of plant factories, are the major bottlenecks to make controlled environment agriculture profitable. The light source generally used for controlled environment agriculture is fluorescent light, metal-halide, high-pressure sodium, and incandescent lamps. Amongthem,fluorescentlamphasbeenthemostpopular.However,theselighting systems have a wide range of wavelengths from 350 to 750 nm and are of low qualityforpromotingplantgrowthanddevelopment.Theyalsoemitlightwithlow photosynthetic photon flux and had limited lifetime of operation which restricts xi xii Preface their utilization in plant lighting systems when the goal is to sustain high crop productivity. The steady development of the light-emitting diode (LED) technology with the emergenceofnewtypesofsemiconductormaterialshasmadeitpossibletoapplyit inanincreasingnumberofnewareasincludingplantgrowthanddevelopment.As analternativetoconventionallightingsystem,LEDhasbeendemonstratedtobean artificial smart lighting source for controlled environment agriculture and in vitro studies of plant morphogenesis. Various morphological, anatomical, and physio- logicalattributesofplantsgrownbothinvivoandinvitrohavefoundtoberegulated by spectral properties of LED. Apart from its regulatory role in plant growth and development, LED affects the amplification offunctional components which con- tributetowardtheselectivecontrolofantioxidativeattributes.SincetheLEDemits over specific spectral regions, they can be used to regulate the levels of photosyn- thetically active and photomorphogenic radiation necessary for plant growth and development. This feature allows implementation of LED with specific spectral rangesthatareinvolvedinplantresponsesandalsoensurestheindependentcontrol of each spectral range and precise manipulation of spectral quality and light inten- sity. The flexibility of matching wavelengths of LED to plant photoreceptors may provide optimal production influencing plant morphology and metabolism. These solid-state light sources are therefore ideal for use in plant lighting designs for controlled environment agricultureas well asfor studies onphotomorphogenesis. Thepresentbookaimstopresentacomprehensivetreatiseontheadvancements made in the use of LEDs for sustainable crop production and to describe research achievements on photomorphogenesis. This book introduces readers to the funda- mentalsand design features of LEDs applicable for plant growth and development and illustrates their various advantages over the traditional lighting systems with cost analysis. It contains 14 chapters, and organizes the information in order to presentawidespectrumofapplicationsofLEDscoveringadiversedomainofplant sciences relevant to controlled environment agriculture and in vitro plant mor- phogenesis. The scope of this book has been expanded by including chapters that deal with the role ofLEDsinregulatingcellular redox balance,nutritional quality, and gene expression. The chapters are written by a team of international experts who are pioneers, and have made significant achievements in this emerging inter- disciplinary enterprise. I am indebted to the chapter contributors for sharing their research outcomes and kind support. I am grateful to Dr. P. Morgan Pattison for sparinghisvaluabletimetowritethe“Foreword.”ThanksarealsoduetoMr.Arjun Karmakar and Ms. Nirlipta Saha for their help in checking the cited references. It is the invisible inspiration and encouragement of my beloved wife Rina (Dr.RinaDuttaGupta)thatraisemeuptotakethetaskofcompilationofthisbook onLEDlightingandtheirimpactsonplantgrowthanddevelopment.Sheholdsthe light from her heavenly abode throughout the path of my endeavor and no words can describe and acknowledge such bestowed strength which motivates me. Kharagpur, India S. Dutta Gupta February 2017

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This book presents a comprehensive treatise on the advances in the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for sustainable crop production and describes the latest photomorphogenesis research findings. It introduces readers to the fundamentals and design features of LEDs applicable for plant growth and
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